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ELEMENTARY  NOTES 

FOR  THE 

FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER 
AND  CANNONEER 


ELEMENTARY  NOTES 


FOR  THE 

FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER 
AND  CANNONEER 


COMPILED  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES 
CORPS  OF  CADETS  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION 
OF  THE  COMMANDANT  OF  CADETS 

BY 

LIEUT.  COL.  W.  P.  ENNIS 


PHILADELPHIA  AND  LONDON 
J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 


COPYRIGHT,  1918.  BY  J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 


PRINTED  BY  J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 
AT  THE  WASHINGTON  SQUARE  PRESS 
PHILADELPHIA,  U.  S.  A. 


Ln  V\  (3 


PREFACE 


Due  to  the  limited  time  allowed  cadets  at  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  for  field  artillery  instruction,  it 
was  felt  that  an  abridged  text-book  of  some  kind  was 
necessary.  It  was  also  thought  that  a  course  along  the 
general  line  of  the  field  artillery  gunner's  examination, 
but  a  little  more  extended  in  scope,  would  meet  the 
requirements. 

For  this  reason  “Elementary  Notes  for  Field  Artillery 
Driver  and  Cannoneer"  was  compiled. 

It  has  now  been  in  use  at  West  Point  for  about  one 
year  and  has  been  found  of  material  assistance  in  the  in¬ 
struction  of  the  Fourth  and  Third  Classes. 

During  the  past  summer  numerous  requests  have  been 
received  for  copies  which  could  not  be  supplied. 

It  is  for  the  above  reason  that  it  is  now  published. 

The  Author. 

November,  1917. 


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ELEMENTARY  NOTES 

FOR  THE 

FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER 
AND  CANNONEER 

THE  BATTERY  DISMOUNTED. 

1.  The  movements  and  formations  prescribed  for 
the  battery  dismounted  or  any  of  its  parts,  correspond 
with  obvious  modifications  to  similar  movements  in  the 
Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

2.  For  technical,  tactical,  and  administrative  pur¬ 
poses  the  enlisted  personnel  of  the  battery  is  assigned 
to  sections.  A  section  dismounted  consists  of  one  ser¬ 
geant,  who  is  chief  of  section,  and  all  the  men  assigned 
to  the  service  of  a  piece  and  its  caisson,  called  a  gun 
section;  or  to  the  service  of  two  caissons,  called  a 
caisson  section.  The  leading  caisson  of  a  caisson  sec¬ 
tion  is  the  first  caisson;  the  rear  caisson,  the  second 
caisson.  The  section  assigned  to  the  service  of  the 
battery  wagon  and  the  store  wagon  and  to  the  service 
of  the  tools  carried  in  those  wagons  is  called  the  ninth 
section.  The  section  assigned  to  the  service  of  supply 
is  called  the  supply  section.  At  dismounted  formations 
the  members  of  the  supply  section,  unless  assigned 
elsewhere,  habitually  form  in  the  line  of  file  closers  of 
the  ninth  section. 


7 


8  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 

3.  The  first  four  sections  of  the  battery  are  gun 
sections.  The  remaining  sections,  except  the  ninth 
section  and  the  supply  section,  are  caisson  sections. 
Each  gun  section  consists  of  a  gun  squad  and  a  driver 
squad.  Each  caisson  section  consists  of  a  caisson  squad 
and  a  driver  squad.  The  ninth  section  consists  of  a 
mechanic  squad  and  a  driver  squad. 

4.  Each  section  dismounted  is  formed  in  line,  with 
the  gun  squad,  caisson  squad,  or  mechanic  squad  on  the 
right,  the  driver  squad  on  the  left.  Men  temporarily 
attached  to  sections  fall  in  in  the  line  of  file  closers  or 
at  such  other  places  as  may  be  designated. 

5.  Each  gun  squad  consists  of  one  of  the  corporals 
and  seven  of  the  privates  assigned  to  the  service  of  a 
gun  section.  The  corporal  is  the  gunner  and  should 
be  selected  for  his  qualifications  without  regard  to  his 
rank  in  the  section.  The  privates  are  cannoneers,  num¬ 
bered  from  No.  1  to  No.  7. 

6.  Each  caisson  squad  consists  of  one  of  the  cor¬ 
porals  and  seven  of  the  privates  assigned  to  the  service 
of  a  caisson  section.  The  corporal  is  a  caisson  corporal. 
The  privates  are  cannoneers,  three  of  whom  are  assigned 
to  the  first  caisson  and  numbered  from  No.  4  to  No.  6, 
and  the  remaining  four  to  the  second  caisson  and  num¬ 
bered  from  No.  4  to  No.  7. 

Movements  prescribed  for  a  gun  squad  apply,  with 
obvious  modifications,  to  a  caisson,  driver,  or  mechanic 
squad. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


9 


7.  Each  driver  squad  of  the  gun  and  caisson  sec¬ 
tions  consists  of  a  caisson  corporal,  the  six  drivers  of 
the  carriages  of  the  section,  and  an  extra  cannoneer. 
No.  8,  who  is  trained  as  a  spare  driver. 

8.  Each  gun  squad  is  formed  in  double  rank  as 
follows:  The  gunner  and  Nos.  2,  4,  and  6  in  the  front 
rank  in  order  from  right  to  left;  Nos.  1,  3,  5,  and  7  in 
the  rear  rank,  in  order  from  right  to  left;  No.  1  cover¬ 
ing  the  gunner. 


6 

4 

2 

G 

| 

40  inches. 

7 

5 

3 

1 

9.  Each  caisson  squad  is  formed  in  double  rank  as 
follows:  The  caisson  corporal  and  Nos.  4,  5,  and  6  of 
the  first  caisson  in  the  front  rank  in  order  from  right  to 
left;  Nos.  4,  5,  6,  and  7  of  the  second  caisson  in  the 
rear  rank,  in  order  from  right  to  left;  No.  4  covering 
the  caisson  corporal. 


6 

! 

5 

4 

CC 

40  inches. 

7 

6 

5 

4 

10  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


10.  Each  driver  squad  is  formed  in  double  rank  as 
follows :  The  caisson  corporal  is  on  the  right  of  the 
front  rank;  the  lead,  swing,  and  wheel  drivers  of  the 
piece  in  a  gun  section,  or  of  the  first  caisson  in  a  caisson 
section,  are  on  the  left  of  the  caisson  corporal  in  order 
from  right  to  left ;  the  lead,  swing,  and  wheel  drivers  of 
the  caisson  in  a  gun  section,  or  of  the  second  caisson 
in  a  caisson  section,  are  in  the  rear  rank  in  order  from 
right  to  left  covering  the  drivers  of  the  front  rank ;  the 
spare  driver,  No.  8,  is  in  the  rear  rank  covering  the 
caisson  corporal. 


w 

S 

L 

CC 

40  inches. 

W 

S 

L 

8 

The  driver  squad  of  the  ninth  section  is  similarly 
formed,  the  spare  lead  and  spare  wheel  drivers  taking, 
respectively,  the  places  prescribed  for  the  caisson  cor¬ 
poral  and  No.  8. 

11.  In  the  fifth  section  the  driver  squad  is  formed 
with  the  telephone  corporal  of  the  battery  commander’s 
detail  as  its  corporal ;  the  scout  corporals  and  the 
signal  privates  of  that  detail  fall  in  as  file  closers  of 
the  section. 

12.  The  mechanic  squad  is  formed  in  double  rank 
as  follows :  In  the  front  rank  the  chief  mechanic  is  on 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


11 


the  right  and  three  of  the  mechanics  are  on  his  left; 
in  the  rear  rank,  covering  the  men  in  the  front  rank, 
are  the  four  remaining  mechanics. 

13.  In  a  battery  on  a  peace  footing  the  spare  can¬ 
noneers  assigned  to  the  ninth  section  constitute  a  squad, 
which  forms  on  the  left  of  the  driver  squad. 

14.  At  dismounted  formations,  if  a  squad  contains 
less  than  six  men,  it  is  increased  to  that  number  by 
transfers  from  other  squads,  or  is  broken  up  and  its 
members  assigned  to  other  squads  and  posted  in  the 
line  of  file  closers. 

When  a  squad  consists  of  six  men,  both  of  the  in¬ 
terior  files  are  blank;  when  of  seven  men,  one  such  file 
is  blank. 

15.  A  platoon  dismounted  consists  of  one  lieutenant, 
who  is  chief  of  platoon,  and  two  sections  dismounted. 

The  platoon  dismounted  is  formed  in  double  rank, 
with  the  sections  arranged  from  right  to  left  in  the 
order  of  their  permanent  numbers. 

16.  A  battery  dismounted  comprises  the  personnel 
shown  in  detail  in  Tables  of  Organization  I  and  II. 

17.  The  battery  dismounted  is  formed  in  double 
rank  with  the  platoons  arranged  from  right  to  left  in 
the  order  of  their  permanent  numbers. 

The  senior  lieutenant  is,  at  formations  and  exercises 
of  the  battery  dismounted,  assigned  as  chief  of  the  first 
platoon.  The  lieutenant  next  in  rank  is  assigned  as 
chief  of  the  second  platoon,  and  so  on. 


12  FIELD  ARTILLERY^  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


Chiefs  of  platoon  and  section  supervise  the  move¬ 
ments  of  their  units. 

18.  When  only  a  part  of  the  battery  is  formed  for 
dismounted  instruction,  the  word  section  or  platoon, 
as  the  case  may  be,  is  substituted  in  the  commands  for 
battery. 

Posts  of  Officers,  Noncommissioned  Officers,  Etc. 

In  Line. 

19.  The  captain:  Four  yards  in  front  of  the  center 
of  the  battery. 

Chiefs  of  platoon :  Two  yards  in  front  of  the  center 
of  their  platoons. 

The  fourth  lieutenant,  when  there  are  but  three 
platoons :  In  the  line  of  file  closers,  opposite  the  center 
of  the  battery. 

The  first  sergeant:  In  the  front  rank,  1  yard  from 
the  right  of  the  first  section. 

The  supply  sergeant :  In  the  front  rank,  1  yard  from 
the  left  of  the  left  section. 

The  mess  and  stable  sergeants :  In  the  line  of  file 
closers  of  the  ninth  section. 

Chiefs  of  section:  One  yard  in  front  of  the  center 
of  their  sections. 

Corporals :  The  right  man  of  the  front  rank  of  their 
squads,  except  the  scout  corporals,  who  are  in  the  line 
of  file  closers  of  the  fifth  section. 

The  guidon  and  the  musicians :  In  the  line  of  file 
closers  of  the  first  section. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


13 


Other  men  for  whom  there  is  no  place  in  the  squads : 
In  the  line  of  file  closers  in  rear  of  the  section  to  which 
they  belong  or  are  attached. 

In  Column  of  Squads. 

20.  The  captain :  Four  yards  from  the  flank,  oppo¬ 
site  the  center,  on  the  left  (right)  when  the  first  (ninth) 
section  is  in  front. 

Chiefs  of  platoon :  On  the  same  side  as  the  captain, 
2  yards  from  the  flank  and  opposite  the  center  of  their 
platoons. 

The  fourth  lieutenant,  when  there  are  but  three 
platoons:  On  the  side  opposite  the  captain,  2  yards 
from  the  flank  and  opposite  the  center  of  the  column. 

The  first  sergeant:  Either  40  inches  in  front  of  the 
guiding  file  of  the  leading  squad  or  40  inches  in  rear 
of  the  guiding  file  of  the  rear  squad,  according  as  the 
column  has  been  formed  by  executing  squads  right  or 
squads  left  from  line. 

The  supply  sergeant :  Either  40  inches  in  rear  of 
the  guiding  file  of  the  rear  squad  or  40  inches  in  front  of 
the  guiding  file  of  the  leading  squad,  according  as  the 
column  has  been  formed  by  executing  squads  right  or 
squads  left  from  line. 

Chiefs  of  section :  On  the  same  side  as  the  captain 
and  4  inches  from  the  flank  man  of  the  front  rank  of 
the  rear  squad  of  their  section. 

The  file  closers:  On  the  side  opposite  the  captain 
and  abreast  of  and  4  inches  from  the  flank  of  the  squad 
in  rear  of  which  they  are  posted  in  line. 


14  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


To  Form  and  to  Dismiss  the  Battery. 

21.  At  the  sounding  of  the  assembly,  the  first  ser¬ 
geant,  facing  the  battery  and  6  yards  in  front  of  where 
the  center  is  to  be,  commands:  1.  Fall  in,  2.  CALL 
ROLLS,  3.  REPORT. 

At  the  command  fall  in,  the  gunners,  caisson  cor¬ 
porals,  telephone  corporal,  and  chief  mechanic  place 
themselves  on  the  line  facing  to  the  front  in  their  proper 
order,  at  sufficient  distance  apart  for  the  formation  of 
their  squads ;  each  squad  forms  on  its  corporal ;  the 
chiefs  of  section  take  their  posts  facing  their  sections. 
The  assembly  having  ceased,  the  first  sergeant  causes 
the  sections  to  close  to  the  right,  if  necessary. 

At  the  command  call  rolls,  the  chiefs  of  section  call 
the  rolls  and  then  face  to  the  front. 

At  the  command  report,  the  chief  of  the  first  section 
salutes  and  reports:  First  section,  present;  or  First 

section  Corporal - and  Private  (s)  - are  absent. 

The  first  sergeant,  having  received  and  verified  this 
report,  returns  the  salute.  The  chief  of  the  second 
section  then  reports  in  like  manner,  and  so  on.  Men 
who  are  known  to  be  absent  by  proper  authority  are  not 
reported  absent  by  the  chiefs  of  section.  After  receiv¬ 
ing  the  reports,  the  first  sergeant  faces  about,  salutes 
the  captain,  and  reports :  Sir,  the  battery  is  present  or 
accounted  for;  or,  Sir  (so  many),  noncommissioned 
officers  or  privates  are  absent.  The  first  sergeant  then 
takes  his  post. 

The  captain  places  himself  12  yards  in  front  of  the 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


15 


center  of  the  battery,  superintends  the  formation,  and 
receives  the  report  of  the  first  sergeant,  whose  salute 
he  returns. 

The  lieutenants  take  their  posts  as  soon  as  the  first 
sergeant  has  reported. 

During  instruction  the  officers  have  the  saber  drawn 
or  in  the  scabbard,  at  the  discretion  of  the  captain. 
When  the  captain  draws  saber,  the  lieutenants  also 
draw  saber. 

To  Open  Ranks. 

22.  Being  in  line  at  a  halt:  1.  Open  ranks,  2. 
MARCH,  3.  FRONT. 

At  the  command  march  the  front  rank  executes 
right  dress;  the  rear  rank  and  the  field  closers  march 
backward  four  steps,  halt,  and  execute  right  dress; 
the  fourth  lieutenant,  when  only  three  platoons  are 
present,  marches  backward  4  steps  and  halts ;  the  chiefs 
of  platoon  step  forward  2  yards,  the  chiefs  of  section 
1  yard,  and  all  dress  to  the  right.  The  captain  goes  to 
the  right  flank  of  the  battery  and  aligns  the  chiefs  of 
platoon,  the  chiefs  of  section,  the  front  rank,  the  rear 
rank,  and  the  file  closers. 

Before  giving  the  command  front  the  captain  places 
himself  in  front  of  the  post  of  the  first  sergeant  and  on 
a  line  with  the  chiefs  of  platoons  and  faces  to  the  left. 
At  the  command  front  all  the  men  turn  their  heads  and 
eyes  to  the  front,  and  those  in  ranks  drop  the  left  arm. 

After  the  command  front  has  been  executed,  the 
captain  places  himself  6  yards  in  front  of  the  center 
of  the  battery,  facing  to  the  front. 


16  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


To  Close  Ranks. 

23.  Being  at  open  ranks :  1.  Close  ranks,  2.  MARCH. 
At  the  command  march,  the  lieutenants  and  chiefs 

of  section  face  about  and  resume  their  posts  in  line ; 
the  rear  rank  closes  to  40  inches,  each  man  covering  his 
file  leader ;  the  file  closers  close  to  2  yards  from  the 
rear  rank;  the  captain  then  takes  his  post  in  line. 

Alignments. 

24.  The  alignments  are  executed  as  prescribed  for 
the  squad;  the  base  squad  may,  if  desired,  be  estab¬ 
lished  instead  of  the  base  file.  In  aligning  the  battery, 
the  captain  places  himself  in  prolongation  of  the  line, 

2  yards  from  and  facing  the  flank  toward  which  the 
alignment  is  made ;  after  commanding  front,  he  resumes 
his  post. 

To  Dismiss  the  Battery. 

25.  Being  in  line  at  a  halt: 

The  captain  directs  the  first  sergeant:  Dismiss  the 
battery,  and  returns  the  salute  of  the  first  sergeant. 
The  officers  fall  out ;  the  first  sergeant  salutes,  steps 

3  yards  to  the  front,  faces  to  the  left,  and  commands : 

DISMISSED. 

In  exceptional  cases  the  battery  may  be  dismissed 
from  any  formation,  either  at  a  halt  or  marching. 

Formation  of  the  Gun  Squads. 

To  Form  the  Gun  Squads. 

26.  The  instructor  indicates  the  place  of  formation 
and  commands:  FALL  IN. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  17 


Each  gunner  repeats  the  command  and  hastens  to 
place  himself,  faced  to  the  front,  where  the  right  of 
his  squad  is  to  rest. 

The  cannoneers  move  at  double  time  and  take  their 
places. 

27.  The  place  of  formation  is  indicated  and  the 
command  given  thus,  for  example :  1.  In  front  (rear)  of 
your  pieces  (caissons)  ;  or,  1.  On  the  right  (left)  of 
your  pieces  (caissons)  facing  them;  or,  1.  On  the  road 
facing  the  park,  2.  FALL  IN. 

28.  In  case  the  front  or  rear  of  the  carriages  is 
designated,  each  squad  falls  in  at  its  post. 

29.  For  the  first  formation  of  the  gun  squads  for 
any  drill  or  exercise  the  instructor  cautions  as  gun 
squads  before  giving  the  command. 

To  Tell  Off  the  Squads. 

30.  CALL  OFF.  In  each  gun  squad  the  cannoneer 
on  the  right  of  the  rear  rank  calls  off  one ;  the  cannoneer 
on  the  left  of  the  gunner,  two ;  the  cannoneer  on  the  left 
of  No.  1,  three;  and  so  on.  The  gunner  does  not  call  off. 

In  each  caisson  squad  the  cannoneers  of  the  front 
rank  call  off  first,  thus :  four,  five,  six,  in  order  from 
right  to  left,  followed  by  the  cannoneers  of  the  rear 
rank  in  the  same  order.  The  caisson  corporal  does  not 
call  off. 

After  having  called  off,  if  a  subsequent  formation 
is  ordered,  the  cannoneers  fall  in  at  once  in  their  proper 
order. 


2 


18  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


Posts  of  Gun  Squads  and  Cannoneers;  Mounting 
and  Dismounting. 

Posts  of  the  Gun  Squads,  Carriages  Limbered. 

31.  In  front  of  the  pieces  or  caissons:  Each  squad 

is  in  line  facing  to  the  front,  its  rear  and  center  2  yards 
from  the  end  of  the  pole  or  from  the  heads  of  the  lead 
horses.  > 

32.  In  rear  of  the  pieces  or  caissons:  Each  squad  is 
in  line  facing  to  the  front,  its  front  and  center  2  yards 
from  the  muzzle  or  from  the  rear  of  the  caisson. 

33.  If  no  special  place  of  formation  is  designated, 
each  squad,  when  formed  at  the  carriages,  is  posted  in 
front  of  the  leading  carriage  of  its  section. 

To  Post  the  Gun  Squads. 

34.  The  squads  are  marched  to  the  park,  and,  on 
arrival  near  the  carriages,  the  instructor  commands : 
Squads  in  front  (rear)  of  your  pieces  (caissons). 

Each  gunner  marches  his  squad  to  its  carriage  and 
posts  it  in  the  indicated  position. 

35.  The  instructor  habitually  causes  the  squads  to 
approach  the  front  (rear)  of  the  carriages  which  he 
designates  in  his  command,  from  the  right  of  the  park 
if  left  in  front  and  from  the  left  if  right  in  front. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  19 


I 


Posts  of  the  Cannoneers , 
Carriages  Limbered. 

36.  The  gunner  and  No.  1 
opposite  the  rear  of  the  limber 
wheels  of  the  piece. 

Nos.  2  and  3  opposite  the 
rear  of  the  gun  wheels. 

Nos.  4  and  5  opposite  the 
rear  of  the  caisson  wheels. 

Nos.  6  and  7  opposite  the 
rear  of  the  limber  wheels  of 
the  caisson. 

The  gunner  and  even  num¬ 
bers  are  on  the  right,  the  odd 
numbers  on  the  left,  all  2  feet 
outside  the  wheels,  facing  the 
front. 

To  Post  the  Cannoneers. 

37.  1.  Cannoneers,  2. 
POSTS.  Each  gunner  repeats 
the  command  posts.  The  can¬ 
noneers  leave  the  ranks,  if 
formed,  and  move  at  double 
time  by  the  shortest  practicable 
routes  to  their  posts. 

38.  For  preliminary  instruc¬ 
tion  the  squads,  on  entering  the 


20 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


park,  are  first  posted  with  their  carriages ;  the  cannoneers 
are  then  sent  to  their  posts  by  the  foregoing  command. 
The  command  is  general,  however,  and  is  applicable 
when  the  cannoneers  are  in  or  out  of  ranks,  at  a 
halt  or  marching,  and  when  the  carriages  are  lim¬ 
bered  or  unlimbered. 

To  Mount  the  Cannoneers  on  the  Carriages  Limbered. 

39.  In  each  squad  the  gunner  and  No.  1  mount  on 
the  limber  chest  of  the  piece. 

Nos.  2  and  3  mount  on  the  axle  seats. 

Nos.  4  and  5  mount  on  the  caisson  chest. 

Nos.  6  and  7  mount  on  the  limber  chest  of  the 
caisson. 

When  extra  cannoneers  are  present: 

No.  8  mounts  between  Nos.  6  and  7. 

No.  9  mounts  between  Nos.  4  and  5. 

The  gunner  and  even  numbers  mount  on  the  right 
side  of  their  respective  carriages,  odd  numbers  on  the  left. 

40.  1.  Cannoneers,  prepare  to  mount,  2.  MOUNT. 

At  the  first  command  the  cannoneers  who  mount  on 
the  limber  chests  or  axle  seats  hasten  to  the  rear  of  the 
limber  chests  or  axle  seats ;  those  who  mount  on  the  cais¬ 
son  chest  hasten  to  the  front  of  that  chest.  Each  can¬ 
noneer  who  mounts  on  the  limber  chest  places  the  foot 
nearest  the  wheel  on  the  step,  grasps  the  chest  handle 
with  the  hand  nearest  the  wheel,  and  with  the  other 
hand  grasps  the  hand  of  the  cannoneer  opposite  him. 
Each  cannoneer  who  mounts  on  the  caisson  chest 
places  the  foot  nearest  the  wheel  on  the  step,  and  grasps 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


21 


the  chest  handle  with  the  hand  nearest  the  wheel.  Can¬ 
noneers  who  mount  on  the  axle  seats  place  the  foot 
nearest  the  wheel  on  the  brake  beam,  and  grasp  the 
seat  handle  with  the  hand  nearest  the  wheel. 

At  the  command  mount,  all  spring  up  and  seat 
themselves,  those  on  the  chests  facing  to  the  front, 
those  on  the  axle  seats  to  the  rear.  Those  who  mount 
on  the  limber  chests  place  the  foot  farthest  from  the 
wheel  on  the  top  of  the  limber  chest,  and  then  step 
down  on  the  footboard. 

41.  If  the  command  be  :  1.  Cannoneers,  2.  MOUNT, 
the  cannoneers  execute,  at  the  command  mount,  all 
that  has  been  prescribed  for  the  commands  prepare  to 
mount  and  mount. 

To  Dismount  the  Cannoneers  from  the  Carriages. 

42.  1.  Cannoneers,  prepare  to  dismount,  2.  DIS¬ 
MOUNT. 

The  cannoneers  on  the  chests  stand  up  on  the  foot¬ 
boards  at  the  first  command;  at  the  second  command 
all  the  cannoneers  jump  to  the  ground  and  take  their 
posts  at  the  double  time. 

43.  If  the  command  be:  1.  Cannoneers,  2.  DIS¬ 
MOUNT,  they  execute,  at  the  command  dismount,  all 
that  has  been  prescribed  for  the  commands  prepare  to 
dismount  and  dismount. 

Posts  of  the  Cannoneers,  Carriages  Unlimbered  but  not 

Prepared  for  Action. 

44.  In  each  squad  the  gunner  immediately  in  rear  of 
the  cannoneer’s  seat,  on  the  left  side  of  the  trail  of  the  gun. 


22  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 

No.  1,  immediately 
in  the  rear  of  the  can¬ 
noneer’s  seat,  on  right 
side  of  trail  of  gun. 

No.  2,  2  feet  in  rear 
of  the  gunner,  covering 
him. 

Nos.  3,  4,  and  5,  2 
feet  in  rear  of  the  cais¬ 
son  chest  in  the  order 
named  from  right  to  left. 

Nos.  6  and  7,  abreast 
and  in  order  from  right 
to  left,  5  yards  in  rear  of 
the  trail  spade. 

Higher-n  umbered 
cannoneers,  if  present, 
accompany  the  limbers. 
The  cannoneers  stand  at  attention  at  their  posts,  facing 
to  the  front. 

To  Change  the  Posts  of  the  Cannoneers. 

45.  In  order  to  exercise  the  cannoneers  in  all  duties 
connected  with  the  service  of  the  piece,  to  vary  the  drill, 
and  to  fix  the  attention  of  the  men,  the  posts  of  the  can¬ 
noneers  are  frequently  changed. 

46.  The  cannoneers  being  at  their  posts,  carriages 
limbered  or  unlimbered:  1.  Change  posts,  2.  MARCH. 

In  each  squad  No.  1  quickly  takes  the  post  of  No.  2, 
No.  2  of  No.  3,  No.  3  of  No.  4,  No.  4  of  No.  5,  No.  5  of 
No.  1.  Higher-numbered  cannoneers  change  only  jyhen 
specially  directed. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  23 


Movements  of  the  Carriages  by  Hand. 

To  Move  by  Hand  the  Carriages  Limbered. 

47.  To  the  front:  1.  Pieces  (Caissons)  forward,  2. 
MARCH,  3.  HALT.  In  each  squad,  at  the  first  com¬ 
mand,  the  gunner  and  No.  1  hasten  to  the  end  of  the 
pole;  Nos.  2  and  3  to  the  limber  wheels;  Nos.  4  and  5 
to  the  rear  wheels;  higher-numbered  cannoneers  to  the 
rear  of  the  carriage ;  the  gunner  and  even  numbers 
working  on  the  right  side  of  the  carriage,  odd  numbers 
on  the  left.  The  cannoneers  who  work  at  the  pole  or 
at  the  wheels  grasp  the  same  with  both  hands;  those 
in  rear  of  the  carriage  prepare  to  push  against  the  most 
convenient  part  of  the  carriage. 

At  the  command  march,  all  assist  in  moving  the 
carriage  to  the  front.  At  the  command  halt,  the  car¬ 
riage  is  stopped,  the  pole  is  lowered  to  the  ground,  and 
all  resume  their  posts. 

48.  To  the  rear:  1.  Pieces  (Caissons)  backward,  2. 
MARCH,  3.  HALT.  Executed  as  in  the  preceding 
paragraph,  except  that  at  the  command  march  the  can¬ 
noneers  move  the  carriage  to  the  rear  and  that  the 
higher-numbered  cannoneers  place  themselves  in  front 
of  the  rear  axle  of  the  carriage  and  push  against  the 
most  convenient  part  of  the  carriage. 

Duties  of  the  Cannoneers  in  Unlimbering. 

Disposition  of  the  Carriages  Before  and  After 

Unlimbering. 

49.  Before  unlimbering:  The  piece  and  its  caisson 
are  placed  abreast  of  each  other,  2  yards  apart,  poles 


24 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


pointing  in  the  same  direction.  This  formation  of  the 
carriages  is  called  a  double  section.  The  interval  of  2 
yards  should  not  be  materially  changed,  otherwise  the 
amount  of  movement  of  the  carriages  by  hand  is  greatly 
increased. 

50.  If  it  is  intended  to  fire  to  the  front,  the  caissons 
should  be  placed  on  the  left  of  their  pieces  before  the 
command  for  unlimbering  is  given ;  if  it  is  intended  to 
fire  to  the  rear,  the  caissons  should  be  on  the  right  of 
their  pieces ;  if  to  the  flank,  on  either  side  of  their  pieces. 
In  emergencies  the  carriages  may  be  unlimbered  from 
any  formation.  Dispositions  to  meet  various  situations 
should  be  practiced. 

51.  When  not  horsed  the  carriages  are  drawn  by  the 
cannoneers  and  the  instructor  gives  the  necessary  in¬ 
structions  for  moving  the  carriages  by  the  shortest  routes 
into  the  prescribed  positions. 

52.  After  unlimbering:  The  adjacent  wheels  of  the 
gun  and  caisson  are  about  1  foot  apart,  the  gun  muzzle 
and  the  caisson  trail  pointing  to  the  front,  the  gun  on 
the  right  and  slightly  in  advance  of  the  caisson. 

The  gun  is  placed  slightly  in  advance  to  allow  for 
recoil  at  the  first  shot,  which  on  ordinary  ground  is 
about  10  inches. 

The  interval  of  1  foot  may  be  increased  to  permit 
wide  movements  of  the  trail  if  they  are  anticipated,  but 
effort  should  be  made  to  preserve  the  protection  afforded 
by  the  shields. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


25 


In  emergencies  the  caissons  may  be  placed  tem¬ 
porarily  on  the  right  of  their  pieces.  As  this  position 
is  not  favorable  to  the  service  of  ammunition,  the  cais¬ 
sons  should  be  placed  on  the  left  of  their  pieces  as  soon 
as  practicable. 

53.  In  active  service  and  in  instruction  simulating 
service  conditions,  the  limbers  are  placed  under  cover 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  position ;  if  no  cover  is  obtainable 
in  the  vicinity,  they  are  placed  in  line  in  rear  of  either 
flank  at  such  place  as  the  instructor  may  designate. 

To  Unlimber. 

General  Rules. 

54.  1.  In  unlimbering  to  fire  to  the  front  each  cais¬ 
son  establishes  the  position. 

2.  In  unlimbering  to  fire  to  the  rear,  each  piece 
establishes  the  position. 

3.  In  unlimbering  to  fire  to  the  flank,  the  element 
(gun  or  caisson)  on  the  side  toward  which  fire  is  to  be 
directed  establishes  the  position. 

4.  If  the  carriages,  after  unlimbering,  have  to  be 
moved  by  hand  to  the  firing  position,  all  the  cannoneers 
of  the  gun  squad,  when  the  ground  is  difficult,  assist  at 
each  carriage  in  turn  in  moving  it  to  the  designated 
position. 

5.  In  drills  with  the  carriages  not  horsed,  spare  can¬ 
noneers  or  those  higher  in  number  than  No.  5  are  used 
to  move  the  limbers  to  the  place  designated  by  the 
instructor. 


26  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


6.  If  the  carriages  are  not  horsed,  they  are  unlim¬ 
bered  successively,  the  one  which  establishes  the  posi¬ 
tion  being  unlimbered  first.  The  limbers  are  drawn  by 
cannoneers  designated  by  the  instructor.  Thus,  if  only 
the  gunner  and  five  cannoneers  are  present,  the  can¬ 
noneers  posted  with  the  piece  may  be  required  to  move 
the  limber  ,  of  the  caisson,  and  those  with  the  caisson, 
the  limber  of  the  piece.  If  higher-numbered  cannon¬ 
eers  are  present,  however,  they  are  ordinarily  used  for 
this  purpose. 

To  Fire  to  the  Front. 

55.  The  carriages  being  in  double  section  the  cais¬ 
sons  on  the  left :  ACTION  FRONT.  If  marching,  the 
carriages  halt  at  the  command  or  signal.  The  can¬ 
noneers,  if  mounted,  dismount  after  the  carriages  have 
halted. 

The  Caissons:  Nos.  4  and  5  jump  to  the  trail  handles. 
Nos.  6  and  7,  if  present,  run  to  the  right  and  left  caisson 
wheels,  respectively,  and  stand  ready  to  assist  in  such 
movements  of  the  carriage  as  may  be  necessary.  No.  4 
unlatches  the  pintle;  Nos.  4  and  5  raise  the  trail  from 
the  pintle ;  and  No.  4,  by  raising  his  arm,  signals  for  the 
drivers  to  drive  on;  Nos.  4  and  5  then  lower  the  trail 
to  the  ground.  No.  4  sets  the  brake,  and  all  the  can¬ 
noneers  at  the  caisson  take  their  posts. 

The  Pieces:  The  gunner  and  No.  1  jump  to  the  trail 
handles.  No.  2  runs  around  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  to 
the  wheel  that  is  to  become  the  right  wheel  of  the  piece 
unlimbered  and  places  himself  so  as  to  be  ready  to  turn 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  27 


the  top  of  his  wheel  toward  the  trail.  No.  3  runs  around 
the  muzzle  of  the  gun  to  the  wheel  that  is  to  become 
the  left  wheel  of  the  piece  unlimbered  and  places  him¬ 
self  so  as  to  be  ready  to  turn  the  top  of  his  wheel  toward 
the  muzzle.  The  gunner  unlatches  the  pintle,  and, 
assisted  by  No  1,  raises  the  trail  from  the  pintle.  The 
gunner,  by  raising  his  arm,  signals  for  the  drivers  to 
drive  on.  The  gunner  and  No.  1  carry  the  trail  away 
from  the  caisson  and  all  of  the  cannoneers  working 
together  turn  the  piece  around  180°.  The  gunner 
causes  the  piece  to  be  placed  by  the  side  of  the  caisson. 
The  gunner  and  No.  1  lower  the  trail  to  the  ground, 
and  all  the  cannoneers  at  the  piece  take  their  posts. 

Limbers:  At  the  signal  drive  on,  the  limbers  take 
their  prescribed  positions. 

To  take  posts  in  rear  of  the  carriages  each  caisson 
limber  executes  a  left  about,  moves  straight  to  the  rear, 
executes  another  left  about,  and  halts,  so  that  the  heads 
of  the  lead  horses  or  the  end  of  the  pole  will  be  25  yards 
from  the  rear  of  the  caisson.  Each  piece  limber  follows 
the  caisson  limber,  passes  around  in  rear  of  it,  and  halts 
so  as  to  be  abreast  of  it  and  2  yards  to  its  right. 

In  horse  batteries,  Nos.  6  and  7  do  not  assist  at  the 
caisson. 

To  Fire  to  the  Rear. 

56.  The  carriages  being  in  double  section,  the  cais¬ 
sons  on  the  right :  ACTION  REAR.  If  marching,  the 
carriages  halt  at  the  command  or  signal.  Cannoneers, 
if  mounted,  dismount  after  carriages  are  halted. 


2S  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 

The  Caisson:  Nos.  4  and  5  jump  to  the  trail  handles. 
Nos.  6  and  7,  if  present,  run  to  the  right  and  left  caisson 
wheels,  respectively.  No.  6  stands  ready  to  turn  the 
top  of  his  wheel  away  from  the  trail  while  No.  7  stands 
ready  to  turn  his  toward  the  trail.  No.  4  unlatches  the 
pintle;  Nos.  4  and  5  raise  the  trail  from  the  pintle  and 
No.  4,  by  raising  his  arm,  signals  for  the  drivers  to 
drive  on;  Nos.  4  and  5  carry  the  trail  away  from  the 
piece  and  all  the  cannoneers  working  together  turn  the 
caisson  around  180°  and  place  it  by  the  side  of  the 
piece ;  Nos.  4  and  5  lower  the  trail  to  the  ground.  No.  4 
sets  the  brake  and  all  of  the  cannoneers  working  on 
the  caisson  take  their  posts. 

The  Piece:  The  gunner  and  No.  1  jump  to  the  trail 
handles.  No.  2  runs  around  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  to 
the  wheel  that  is  to  become  the  right  wheel  of  the  piece 
unlimbered,  and  stands  ready  to  assist  in  such  move¬ 
ments  of  the  carriage  as  may  be  necessary.  No.  3  runs 
around  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  to  the  wheel  that  is  to 
become  the  left  wheel  of  the  piece  unlimbered,  and 
stands  ready  to  assist  in  such  movements  of  the  car¬ 
riage  as  may  be  necessary.  The  gunner  unlatches  the 
pintle  and,  assisted  by  No.  1,  raises  the  trail  from  the 
pintle.  The  gunner,  by  raising  his  arm,  signals  for  the 
drivers  to  drive  on.  The  gunner  and  No.  1  lower  the 
trail  to  the  ground  and  all  the  cannoneers  at  the  piece 
take  their  posts. 

Limbers:  To  take  post  in  rear  of  the  carriages,  each 
caisson  limber  inclines  well  to  the  right,  moves  to  the 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


29 


rear,  executes  a  left  about,  and  halts  so  that  the  heads 
of  the  lead  horses  or  the  end  of  the  pole  will  be  25  yards 
from  the  rear  of  the  caisson.  Each  piece  limber  follows 
the  caisson  limber,  passes  around  in  rear  of  it,  and  halts 
so  as  to  be  abreast  of  it  and  2  yards  to  its  right. 

In  horse  batteries,  or  when  Nos.  6  and  7  are  not 
present.  Nos.  2  and  3  perform  the  duties  prescribed 
for  Nos.  6  and  7,  respectively,  as  soon  as  the  piece  trail 
is  lowered  to  the  ground. 

To  Fire  to  the  Flank. 

57.  The  caisson  being  on  either  side  of  the  piece, 
2  yards  from  and  abreast  of  it:  ACTION  RIGHT 
(LEFT). 

Executed  according  to  the  principles  of  action  front 
and  action  rear ,  with  the  following  modifications :  After 
the  carriages  are  unlimbered  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  and 
the  trail  of  the  caisson  are  turned  in  the  direction  of 
fire,  and  the  carriage  in  rear  is  run  up  to  its  proper  posi¬ 
tion  on  the  line.  The  carriage  on  the  side  toward  which 
fire  is  to  be  delivered  is  first  established  in  position  and 
then  all  the  cannoneers  assist  in  bringing  up  the  car¬ 
riage  in  rear  to  its  proper  place. 

Limbers:  To  take  post  in  rear  of  their  carriages,  the 
limber  farthest  from  the  flank  toward  which  fire  is 
to  be  delivered  moves  out  first,  wheels  away  from  the 
direction  of  fire,  and  after  having  gained  sufficient  dis¬ 
tance  to  the  rear  executes  an  about  and  halt  at  the 
prescribed  position.  The  other  limbers  follow  and  take 
position  in  a  similar  manner. 


30  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


Duties  of  the  Cannoneer  in  Limbering. 

58.  The  carriages  being  in  position  unlimbered  and 
in  march  order,  to  limber  to  the  front  and  rear:  1.  Lim¬ 
ber ,  2.  FRONT  AND  REAR. 

In  each  squad  the  gunner  and  No.  1  face  to  the  rear 
at  their  posts.  No.  2  places  himself  at  the  right  of  the 
gunner,  facing  to  the  rear.  No.  3  jumps  across  the  trail 
of  the  piece  and  places  himself  on  the  left  of  No.  1, 
facing  to  the  rear.  Nos.  4  and  5  hasten  to  the  front  of 
the  caisson;  No.  4  releases  the  brake,  and  both  place 
themselves  with  their  backs  towards  the  chest,  close 
up  against  the  footboards,  No.  4  on  the  right.  No.  5  on 
the  left  of  the  trail.  No.  6  passes  around  the  right  of 
the  piece  and  places  himself  on  the  right  of  No.  4.  No. 
7  runs  around  the  left  of  the  caisson  and  places  himself 
on  the  left  of  No.  5. 

The  limbers  are  brought  up  so  as  to  move  squarely 
across  the  direction  of  the  trails  and  so  that  the  wheel 
nearest  the  trail  will  pass  about  a  foot  outside  of  the 
lunette. 

When  the  axle  of  the  piece  limber  is  nearly  in  line 
with  the  trail,  the  gunner  commands:  1.  Limber,  2. 
HALT.  The  limber  halts  and  is  then  swung  around 
and  again  halted  so  that  the  pole  is  pointing  in  the 
direction  of  the  trail  and  so  that  the  pintle  is  almost 
over  the  lunette.  As  soon  as  the  limber  has  halted  in 
this  position,  the  gunner  and  No.  1  spring  to  the  trail 
handles  and  raise  the  trail.  Nos.  2  and  3  jump  to  the 
gun  wheels  and  prepare  to  assist  in  any  movements  of 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER^AND'CANNONEER  31 


the  carriage  that  may  be  necessary.  The  gunner  and 
No.  1  place  the  lunette  over  the  pintle;  the  gunner 
latches  the  pintle. 

The  caisson  is  limbered  in  the  same  manner,  No.  4 
giving  the  commands  for  halting  the  limber;  Nos.  4 
and  5  handling  the  trail;  No.  4  latching  the  pintle; 
Nos.  6  and  7  assisting  by  working  on  the  wheels  in  any 
movements  of  the  carriage. 

All  the  cannoneers  take  their  posts  at  the  carriages 
limbered. 

59.  To  the  rear:  1.  Limber ,  2.  REAR. 

No.  4  releases  the  brake.  The  caisson  is  turned 
around  180°  ;  Nos.  4  and  5  carrying  the  trail  away 
from  the  piece.  Nos.  1  and  6  turn  the  top  of  their 
wheel  toward  the  trail;  Nos.  3  and  7  turn  the  top  of 
their  wheel  away  from  the  trail;  the  gunner  and  No.  2 
assist  by  pulling  and  pushing  on  the  chest.  The  caisson 
having  been  turned,  all  the  cannoneers  working  to¬ 
gether  run  the  caisson  20  yards  straight  to  the  rear  of 
the  line  of  guns.  Nos.  4  and  5  lower  the  trail  and  all 
the  cannoneers  take  their  posts  for  limbering.  The 
limbers  are  brought  up  and  the  limbering  is  completed 
as  described  in  paragraph  58. 

To  Leave  the  Park. 

60.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  instruction  in  the  park 
the  instructor  sees  that  the  carriages  are  properly  cared 
for  and  then  causes  the  squads  to  form  in  front  or  rear 
of  their  carriages.  The  squads  may  then  be  closed  by 
the  command:  1.  Squads  right  (left),  2.  MARCH,  3. 


32  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


Close,  4.  MARCH.  At  the  last  command  the  leading 
squad  halts  and  the  rear  squads  close  on  it  in  quick 
time  and  halt.  If  executed  in  double  time,  the  leading 
squad  resumes  or  continues  the  quick  time  at  the  last 
command  and  the  other  squads  take  the  quick  time 
when  they  are  closed. 

Or,  the  squads  may  be  faced  to  the  right  or  left. 
At  the  command:  1.  Close,  2.  MARCH,  the  leading 
squad  stands  fast  and  the  others  close  on  it. 

After  forming  the  squad  column  the  men  are 
marched  off. 

Preparation  for  Action  and  March  Order. 

To  Prepare  for  Action. 

61.  The  carriages  being  in  position  unlimbered: 
PREPARE  FOR  ACTION. 

Each  member  of  the  gun  squad  performs  his  duties 
in  the  order  given  below : 

Gunner:  (a)  Removes  the  hood  from  the  sight 
bracket ; 

( b )  Releases  the  traversing  and  elevating  lock  and 
operates  the  traversing  and  elevating  gear; 

(c)  Removes  the  sight  shank  from  its  case  and 
places  it  in  its  socket,  setting  the  range  at  3000  and  the 
peep  sight  at  deflection  zero; 

( d )  Takes  the  panoramic  sight  from  its  case  and 
places  it  in  its  seat,  making  sure  that  the  sight  is 
clamped  and  that  the  deflection  is  set  at  zero ; 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  S3 


(<?)  Raises  and  secures  the  top  shield,  with  the 
assistance  of  No.  1 ; 

(/)  Seats  himself  on  his  seat. 

No.  1 :  (a)  Removes  the  quadrant  from  its  case  and 
places  it  in  its  seat ;  centers  the  cross  level  bubble ; 

( b )  Sets  the  range  at  3000  and  the  site  at  300,  and 
brings  the  range  bubble  to  the  center ; 

(c)  Equips  himself  with  a  lanyard  and  a  wiping 
cloth ; 

( d )  Operates  the  breech  mechanism,  examines  the 
breech  block,  bore,  and  chamber,  cleaning  any  parts 
requiring  it,  leaving  the  breech  open,  except  when  the 
gun  is  loaded ; 

( e )  Assists  the  gunner  in  raising  and  securing  the 
top  shield; 

(/)  Seats  himself  on  his  seat. 

No.  2  :  (a)  Removes  the  breech  cover ; 

(b)  Turns  back  the  trail  handspike  and  engages  it; 

(c)  Runs  around  to  the  right  of  the  piece  and  assists 
No.  3  to  lower  the  piece  apron; 

( d )  Distributes  tow  or  waste  to  the  cannoneers  for 
use  in  their  ears ; 

( e )  Seats  himself  on  the  handspike. 

No.  3:  ( a )  Runs  around  the  left  of  the  caisson  and 
removes  the  muzzle  cover; 

( b )  Removes  the  front  sight  cover  and  adjusts  the 
sight  in  its  firing  position ; 

( c )  Lowers  the  piece  apron,  with  the  assistance  of 
No.  2; 

3 


34 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


( d )  Seats  himself  at  the  fuze  setter,  with  his  back  to 
the  right  caisson  wheel ; 

( e )  Sets  his  scales  at  corrector  30,  range  3000. 

No.  4:  ( a )  Assisted  by  No.  5,  lowers  the  caisson 
apron ; 

( b )  Lowers  the  fuze  setter; 

(c)  Assisted  by  No.  5,  raises  the  caisson  door; 

( d )  Stands  ready  to  serve  ammunition. 

No.  5:  ( a )  Assists  No.  4  to  lower  the  caisson  apron ; 

( b )  Assists  No.  4  to  raise  the  caisson  door; 

( c )  Puts  a  rou-nd  of  shrapnel  in  the  fuze  setter,  set¬ 
ting  the  fuze ; 

( d )  Stands  ready  to  serve  ammunition. 

The  cannoneers  report  to  their  chief  of  section  if  any 
parts  of  the  materiel  are  not  in  working  order. 

62.  The  carriages,  limbered,  are  habitually  prepared 
for  action  before  reaching  the  firing  position.  The 
duties  of  the  cannoneers  are  the  same  as  at  the  carriages 
unlimbered,  except  that  after  the  examination  of  the 
elevating  and  traversing  gear  the  piece  is  secured  by 
the  traveling  lock;  the  trail  handspike  is  not  turned 
back;  the  breech  is  closed;  the  firing  pin  is  released; 
the  fuze  setter  is  not  lowered,  nor  is  a  round  put  in  the 
fuze  setter ;  the  apron  is  not  lowered ;  the  caisson  door 
is  left  closed ;  and  the  cannoneers  do  not  take  their  posts 
for  serving  the  gun.  The  gunner  and  No.  1  return  the 
panoramic  sight  and  the  quadrant  to  their  cases,  unless 
special  orders  to  the  contrary  are  given. 

Immediately  after  establishing  the  carriages  the 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


35 


preparation  for  action  is  completed  without  command 
and  the  cannoneers  take  their  posts  for  serving  the 
piece. 

63.  If  prepare  for  action  has  not  been  given  before 
establishing  the  carriages  in  the  firing  position,  that 
command  is  habitually  given  by  each  chief  of  section 
as  soon  as  his  carriages  have  been  unlimbered  and  estab¬ 
lished.  The  instructor  may  caution  do  not  prepare 
for  action  when  he  wishes  to  drill  the  personnel  in 
limbering  and  unlimbering  only  or  in  the  details  of 
preparation  for  action. 

To  Move  by  Hand  the  Carriage  Unlimbered. 

64.  1.  Pieces  (Caissons)  forward  (backward),  2. 
MARCH,  3.  HALT. 

Each  piece:  The  gunner  and  No.  2  grasp  the  trail 
handles,  the  gunner  the  left,  No.  2  the  right  handle; 
Nos.  1  and  3  the  right  and  left  wheels,  respectively; 
Nos.  4  and  5  place  themselves  so  as  to  work  advan¬ 
tageously  at  the  breech  of  the  gun  in  moving  forward, 
at  the  muzzle  in  moving  backward.  Nos.  6  and  7  assist 
•at  the  nearest  wheels.  At  the  command  march,  all 
working  together  move  the  carriage  in  the  direction 
indicated.  At  the  command  halt,  they  stop  the  car¬ 
riage  and  resume  their  posts. 

Each  caisson:  Executed  as  explained  for  the  piece, 
except  that  Nos.  4  and  5  are  at  the  trail  of  the  caisson 
and  that  the  gunner  and  No.  2  work  in  rear  of  the  cais¬ 
son  chest  in  moving  to  the  front,  against  the  footboards 
in  moving  to  the  rear. 


36  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


Posts  of  the  Cannoneers,  Carriages  Unlimbered  and 

Prepared  for  Action. 

65.  In  each  squad,  the  gunner,  seated  on  his  seat 
facing  the  gun. 

No.  1,  seated  astride  his  seat  facing  the  gun. 

No.  2,  seated  astride  the  trail  handspike  near  the 
trail. 

No.  3,  seated  with  his  back  to  the  inside  of  the  right 
caisson  wheel,  facing  the  bracket  fuze  setter,  legs  ex¬ 
tended  one  on  each  side  of  the  fuze  setter. 

Nos.  4  and  5,  in  rear  of  the  caisson  in  a  convenient 
position  for  the  performance  of  their  duties. 

Nos.  6  and  7,  abreast  and  in  order  from  right  to  left, 
5  yards  in  rear  of  the  trail  spade  of  their  piece,  awaiting 
orders. 

Higher  numbered  cannoneers,  if  present,  accompany 
the  limbers. 

In  the  Horse  Artillery  the  two  highest  numbered 
cannoneers  act  as  horse  holders  and  take  the  led  horses 
to  the  rear  with  the  limbers. 

To  Resume  the  Order  for  Marching. 

66.  The  carriages  being  prepared  for  action,  to  re¬ 
sume  the  order  for  marching:  MARCH  ORDER. 

Each  member  of  the  gun  squad  performs  his  duties 
in  the  order  given  below : 

Gunner:  (a)  Lowers  and  secures  the  top  shield, 
with  the  assistance  of  No.  1 ; 

(b)  Sees  that  deflection  reading  is  zero,  returns 
panoramic  sight  to  its  case  and  secures  case ; 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  37 


(0 

(d) 

(«) 
(/) 
No.  1 : 

( b ) 

(c) 

(d) 
(0 

(/) 
No.  2: 

(*) 
(0 
(<0 
No.  3: 

(») 

(0 

(<*) 

(0 

(/) 


Replaces  the  cover  on  the  sight  shank  and  re¬ 
turns  it  to  the  trail  box ; 

Traverses  and  elevates  the  piece  to  the  travel¬ 
ing  position  and  fastens  the  traveling  lock; 

Secures  the  hood  over  the  sight  bracket ; 

Takes  his  post. 

(a)  Assists  the  gunner  in  lowering  and  secur¬ 
ing  the  top  shield ; 

Closes  the  breech;  releases  the  firing  pin; 

Returns  the  lanyard  and  wiping  cloth  to  the 
trail  box; 

Sets  the  range  at  3000  and  the  site  at  300 ; 

Returns  the  quadrant  to  its  case  and  secures 
the  case ; 

Takes  his  post. 

(a)  Assists  No.  3  to  raise  and  secure  the  piece 
apron. ; 

Turns  down  and  secures  the  trail  handspike; 

Replaces  the  breech  cover  and  secures  it; 

Takes  his  post. 

(a)  Sees  that  the  fuze  of  any  round  whose  fuze 
has  been  set  is  set  back  at  safety ; 

Sets  fuze  setter  at  range  3000,  corrector  30; 

Raises  and  secures  the  piece  apron,  with  the 
assistance  of  No.  2; 

Replaces  the  front-sight  cover  and  adjusts  the 
front  sight  in  the  traveling  position; 

Replaces  and  secures  the  muzzle  cover ; 

Takes  his  post. 


38  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


No.  4:  (a)  Assists  in  setting  fuzes  back  at  safety; 

( b )  Passes  the  round  to  No.  5; 

(c)  Assisted  by  No.  5,  lowers  and  secures  the  cais¬ 

son  door; 

( d )  Raises  and  secures  the  fuze  setter; 

( e )  Assisted  by  No.  5,  raises  and  secures  the  caisson 

apron ; 

(/)  Takes  his  post. 

No.  5  :  (a)  Receives  ammunition  from  No.  4  and  stores 
it  in  the  chest; 

(b)  Assists  No  4  to  lower  and  secure  the  caisson  door ; 

(c)  Assists  No.  4  to  raise  and  secure  the  caisson 

apron ; 

(d)  Takes  his  post. 

If  it  is  intended  to  resume  the  fire,  but  in  another 
position,  so  that  the  limbering  of  the  carriage  is  necessi¬ 
tated,  the  command  MARCH  ORDER  is  not  given. 
At  the  command  for  limbering  the  carriages  are  placed 
in  the  order  described  in  paragraph  62. 

67.  If  the  situation  is  such  as  to  make  it  probable 
that  the  guns  will  have  to  defend  themselves  from  close 
attack  the  command  sights  for  fire  at  will  may  be  added 
either  to  the  command  for  preparation  for  action  or 
to  that  for  resuming  the  march  order.  At  such  com¬ 
mand,  the  gunner  sets  deflection  zero,  range  1000;  No. 
3  sets  the  corrector  30,  range  zero. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


39 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  BATTERY. 

68.  The  battery,  as  organized  on  a  war  footing,  is 
composed  of  nine  sections  with  materiel  and  supply 
section.  It  is  commanded  by  the  captain. 

The  first  four  sections  are  gun  sections.  The  next 
four  sections  are  caisson  sections.  The  ninth  section 
comprises  the  battery  wagon  and  forge,  the  store  wagon 
and  at  least  one  pair  of  harnessed  wheel  horses  and  one 
pair  of  harnessed  lead  horses.  The  supply  section  has 
no  materiel  and  is  composed  of  the  mess  sergeant  and 
the  cooks.  In  the  field,  the  supply  section  is  assigned 
to  the  regimental  field  train. 

A  gun  section  consists  of  a  gun  and  its  caisson, 
manned,  horsed  and  equipped. 

A  caisson  section  consists  of  two  caissons,  manned, 
horsed  and  equipped.  The  leading  caisson  of  each 
caisson  section  in  the  normal  order  in  park  is  called 
the  first  caisson ;  the  other  is  called  the  second  caisson. 

Two  sections  constitute  a  Platoon. 

69.  The  first  platoon  is  commanded  by  the  execu¬ 
tive;  the  second  platoon  by  the  assistant  to  the  execu¬ 
tive;  the  third  platoon  by  the  reconnaissance  officer, 
when  that  officer  is  not  otherwise  employed ;  and  the 
fourth  platoon  by  the  lieutenant  in  charge  of  Depart¬ 
ment  B. 

The  first  sergeant  is  assistant  to  the  captain,  and  is 
responsible  to  him  for  the  general  good  order,  police, 
and  discipline  of  the  battery. 

The  stable  sergeant  is  responsible  for  the  general 


40  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


care  of  the  public  animals  assigned  to  the  battery  and 
the  good  order  and  police  of  the  stables,  picket  lines,  etc. 

The  supply  sergeant  is  responsible  for  all  the  gov¬ 
ernment  property  issued  to  the  battery. 

The  mess  sergeant  is  responsible  for  the  proper 
messing  of  the  battery. 

The  chief  mechanic  is  responsible  for  the  good  order 
and  repair  of  the  materiel  in  actual  use  by  the  battery. 
In  action  he  assists  the  executive. 

The  sergeants  command  sections. 

The  gunners  are  responsible  for  the  good  order  of 
their  guns,  carriages,  limbers,  and  equipment. 

Each  caisson  corporal  is  placed  in  charge  of  a  cais¬ 
son,  and  acts  as  assistant  to  his  chief  of  section. 

70.  On  subdivision  for  action  the  battery  is  divided 
into  the  firing  battery  and  the  combat  train.  The  firing 
battery  comprises  the  first  five  sections.  It  is  under  the 
immediate  command  of  the  captain,  who  is  assisted  by 
the  executive  and  the  assistant  to  the  executive.  The  com¬ 
bat  train  comprises  the  sixth,  seventh,  eighth,  and  ninth 
sections.  It  is  commanded  by  the  lieutenant  in  charge 
of  Department  B,  who  is  assisted  by  the  stable  sergeant. 
The  reconnaissance  officer  assists  the  battery  com¬ 
mander  with  the  battery  detail. 

71.  On  a  peace  footing  the  sixth,  seventh  and  eighth 
sections  are  not  manned  or  horsed.  Otherwise  the 
organization  is  similar  to  that  on  a  war  footing. 

72.  For  efficient  administration  and  instruction,  the 
duties  in  a  battery  of  Field  Artillery  are  too  numerous 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  41 


to  be  efficiently  supervised  in  detail  by  one  officer.  To 
secure  such  supervision  the  battery  commander  must 
utilize  the  services  of  his  lieutenants.  The  most  effec¬ 
tive  assistance  will  not  be  obtained  by  simply  holding 
a  lieutenant  responsible  for  a  platoon,  because  in  the 
Field  Artillery  the  platoon  is  not  a  self-sustaining  unit 
but  one  dependent  upon  agencies  outside  itself.  The 
assignment  of  lieutenants  to  their  duties  of  adminis¬ 
tration  and  instruction  must  be  made  so  as  to  corre¬ 
spond  to  the  various  duties  which  come  up  in  the  daily 
existence  of  the  battery  as  a  whole.  These  duties  may 
be  classified  into  three  departments : — 

Department  A :  The  care  and  maintenance  of  all 
parts  of  the  wheeled  materiel.  All  instruction 
with  the  guns. 

Department  B :  The  care  of  animals ;  the  inspec¬ 
tion,  care  and  issue  of  forage ;  the  police  of 
stables  and  the  picket  lines;  the  adjustment  and 
care  of  harness,  shoeing,  etc.  All  mounted  in¬ 
struction. 

Department  C  :  The  care  and  police  of  quarters ;  the 
superintendence  of  the  battery  mess,  personal 
equipment  and  clothing,  and  of  the  routine  office 
work.  All  dismounted  and  special  instruction. 

The  fourth  lieutenant,  when  available,  is  ordinarily 
the  one  with  least  experience  as  a  battery  officer.  He 
should  be  utilized  in  assisting  the  others  and  should 
be  required  to  thoroughly  familiarize  himself  with  their 


42  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 

work,  preparatory  to  his  assignment  to  one  of  the 
departments. 

In  time  of  war  the  captain  assigns  his  lieutenants 
to  the  departments  to  which  they  are  best  fitted,  the 
especial  fitness  of  the  executive  being  the  first  con¬ 
sideration. 

In  time  of  peace,  however,  in  order  that  the  ex¬ 
perience  of  lieutenants  in  administration,  and  in  the 
instruction  and  training  of  men  and  animals  may  be 
complete,  their  assignment  to  departments  must  be 
periodically  changed. 

Composition,  Formation,  and  Instruction  of  the 

Firing  Battery. 

73.  The  firing  battery  comprises  the  guns  and  cais¬ 
sons  of  the  first  five  sections  of  the  battery,  with  the 
personnel  and  animals  assigned  to  their  immediate 
service.  It  is  under  the  direct  command,  or  order,  of 
the  captain.  The  most  suitable  lieutenant  of  the  bat¬ 
tery  is  selected  for  the  immediate  command  of  the 
firing  battery  when  the  battery  commander  is  at  some 
distance  from  the  guns,  and  for  the  immediate  super¬ 
vision  of  the  gun  squads  when  the  battery  commander 
is  near  enough  to  the  guns  to  give  his  orders  and  com¬ 
mands  by  word  of  mouth.  This  lieutenant  is  the 
executive.  When  the  number  of  lieutenants  present 
permits,  the  executive  has  a  junior  lieutenant  assigned 
to  him  as  assistant. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


43 


74.  In  the  field  it  is  desirable  that  the  guns  be 
placed  approximately  in  line  with  regular  intervals  of 
approximately  17  yards  between  adjacent  gun  wheels. 
It  is  more  important  that  the  intervals  be  regular  than 
that  they  be  exactly  17  yards.  Each  chief  of  section 
cautions  (Such)  piece,  or.  No.  (So-and-so),  as  soon  as 
his  carriages  have  been  established  in  position. 

In  the  park  the  limbered  carriages  are  formed  in 
line  or  column  of  double  sections,  the  caisson  of  each 
section  being  alongside  of  and  at  two  yards  interval 
from  its  piece,  at  such  intervals  or  distances  between 
sections  as  may  be  practicable.  By  the  execution  of 
action  front  (rear,  right,  or  left)  the  carriages  are  placed 
in  line  in  the  firing  position  at  sufficient  intervals  for 
the  drill  of  the  gun  squads. 

75.  At  the  commencement  of  training  of  recruits  in 
their  duties  in  the  firing  battery,  their  instruction  in 
the  elementary  principles  of  gunnery  contained  in  this 
chapter  will  be  begun.  As  the  instruction  progresses 
and  the  recruits  are  divided  into  classes,  each  class 
should  be  instructed  in  so  much  of  the  principles  in¬ 
volved  in  Service  Firing  as  the  men  of  the  particular 
class  can  thoroughly  grasp. 

Duties  in  General  of  Officers  of  the  Firing  Battery 

and  of  the  Noncommissioned  Officers  of  the  Gun 

Sections. 

76.  Captain: 

Commands  the  firing  battery  and,  as  a  rule,  conducts 
the  fire. 


44  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


77.  The  executive: 

1.  Usually  conducts  the  firing  battery  to  and  estab¬ 
lishes  it  in  the  firing  position.  Causes  such  measures 
to  be  taken  as  will  facilitate  the  rapid  opening  of 
accurate  fire.  Sees  to  the  preparation  of  all  practicable 
protection  for  the  personnel  in  addition  to  that  pro¬ 
vided  by  the  shields. 

2.  Exercises  immediate  command  of,  or  supervision 
over,  the  battery  in  the  firing  position. 

3.  Repeats  all  firing  data  when  the  captain  is  not 
near  enough  the  battery  to  command  it  by  voice. 

4.  Gives  the  command  for  commencing  firing 
whether  the  captain  be  at  the  battery  or  not.  The 
command  by  the  executive  is  Fire.  It  is  usually  accom¬ 
panied  by  a  signal  made  by  bringing  the  extended  right 
arm  from  a  vertical  position  sharply  to  the  side.  For 
salvos  the  executive  gives  the  command  fire  as  soon 
as  he  sees  that  all  the  pieces  will  be  ready  to  fire  in  their 
proper  turn.  For  volleys  he  may  give  the  command  fire 
immediately  after  the  range  has  been  announced  or  he 
may  wait  until  all  the  pieces  are  ready,  according  to  the 
instructions  of  the  captain. 

5.  Assisted  by  the  chief  mechanic  attends  to  the 
resupply  of  ammunition,  under  such  general  instruc¬ 
tions  as  the  captain  may  give. 

6.  Has  charge  of  the  replacement  of  casualties. 

78.  Assistant  to  the  executive: 

Assists  the  executive  in  the  supervision  of  the  gun 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


45 


sections,  especially  when  difficulties  or  errors  occur  in  a 
gun  squad. 

79.  Chief  of  gun  section: 

1.  Commands  his  section. 

2.  Makes  sure  of  the  identification  of  his  part  of  the 
target  or  of  the  aiming  point. 

3.  Keeps  informed  of  the  firing  data  so  as  to  be 
able  to  repeat  any  parts  not  understood  by  the  can¬ 
noneers,  but  does  not  repeat  anything  unless  it  is  called 
for  by  a  subordinate.  If  a  chief  of  section  does  not 
understand  any  item  of  the  firing  data  he  asks  the 
executive  for  it  thus:  Site?  Corrector?  etc. 

4.  In  indirect  laying  whenever  the  trail  has  to  be 
shifted,  puts  the  gunner  approximately  on  the  aiming 
point  by  glancing  along  one  side  of  the  rotating  head 
of  the  panoramic  sight  and  causing  the  trail  to  be  shifted 
until  the  side  of  the  rotating  head  is  in  line  with  the 
aiming  point. 

5.  Commands  with  the  lanyard  for  the  first  shot 
when  the  ground  is  such  that  the  trail  spade  is  not 
easily  seated,  and  sees  that  all  the  cannoneers  step  clear 
of  the  piece  for  the  first  shot. 

6.  Extends  his  right  arm  vertically  as  soon  as  the 
gunner  has  called  ready,  so  as  to  indicate  to  the  execu¬ 
tive  officer  that  the  piece  is  ready  to  fire.  The  right 
arm  is  held  vertical  until  his  gunner  commands  fire. 

7.  Supervises  and  is  responsible  for  all  the  details 
of  correct  service  by  his  gun  squad. 


40  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 

80.  Gunner: 

1.  Performs  his  duties  in  the  gun  squad. 

2.  Commands  muzzle  right  (left)  when  he  has 
reached  the  limit  of  traverse  of  the  gun  on  the  carriage. 

3.  Commands  fire  so  that  his  piece  will  be  fired, 
after  having  been  accurately  laid,  at  the  proper  time. 

Measures  for  Facilitating  the  Rapid  Opening  of  Fire. 

81.  Early  opening  of  effective  fire  is  facilitated  by 
accurate  establishment  of  the  firing  battery  in  the  firing 
position  without  undue  haste  or  confusion.  To  this 
end  all  officers,  noncommissioned  officers,  and  men  will 
take  particular  care  that  the  carriages  are  regularly 
and  methodically  established  and  quickly  prepared  for 
action.  Commands  are  to  be  given  by  the  proper  indi¬ 
viduals.  Unnecessary  conversations  and  laxity  in  the 
work  of  getting  the  guns  into  position  lead  to  delay 
and  poor  fire  discipline. 

82.  If  fire  is  not  to  be  opened  immediately  upon 
occupying  the  position,  a  semicircular  trench  should 
be  dug  for  the  trail  spade.  If  fire  is  opened  at  once  it 
is  always  advisable  to  dig  such  a  trench  during  the  lulls 
in  firing.  Such  a  measure  gives  great  facility  in  shift¬ 
ing  the  trail  and  is  especially  valuable  in  firing  at 
moving  targets. 

83.  The  targets  for  light  field  guns  are  most  fre¬ 
quently  at  a  site  of  about  300  and  at  ranges  near  3000 
yards.  Hence  the  setting  of  sights,  quadrants,  and 
fuze  setters  at  Site  300,  Corrector  30,  Range  3000,  in 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


47 


the  absence  of  exact  data,  and  the  leveling  of  instru¬ 
ments  tend  to  hasten  the  opening  of  fire.  If  indirect 
laying  is  to  be  used  the  aiming  point  is  usually  known 
as  soon  as  the  carriages  are  unlimbered. 

Since  the  front  of  the  battery  is  usually  established 
about  perpendicular  to  the  direction  in  which  fire  is 
to  be  delivered,  the  head  of  the  panoramic  sight  should 
be  turned  on  the  aiming  point  as  soon  as  the  gun,  pre¬ 
pared  for  action,  is  fully  established  in  its  position. 

It  is  frequently  practicable  to  communicate  most  of 
the  firing  data  and  to  set  the  instruments  before  occupy¬ 
ing  a  position,  or  at  least  some  time  before  the  fire  is 
to  be  opened. 

If  no  target  is  visible  or  none  has  been  assigned  to 
the  battery  when  the  position  is  occupied,  the  captain 
selects  a  prominent  point  near  the  center  of  the  sector 
he  is  to  cover  and  causes  the  guns  to  be  laid  upon  it. 

Deflection  and  Deflection  Difference. 

84.  Each  gun  in  the  battery  must  be  so  pointed  that 
its  projectile  will  fall  in  the  direction  of  its  part  of  the 
target. 

85.  The  direction  of  each  gun  may  be  given  by  set¬ 
ting  the  sight  at  zero,  then  bringing  the  cross  hairs  on  the 
target  by  shifting  the  trail  and  traversing  the  gun  on 
the  carriage.  This  is  called  direct  laying. 

Or,  the  direction  of  the, gun  may  be  given  by  setting 
the  sight  at  a  reading,  called  the  deflection  previously 
determined,  and  then  bringing  the  vertical  cross  hair 


48  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


on  a  designated  aiming  point  by  shifting  the  trail  and 
traversing  the  gun  on  its  carriage.  This  is  called  in¬ 
direct  laying. 

86.  When  the  guns  are  laid  for  direction  by  bring¬ 
ing  the  cross  hairs  on  the  target,  each  gunner  sights  at 
and  his  projectiles  should  fall  on  his  own  part  of  the 
target. 

When  the  guns  are  laid  for  direction  by  bringing 
the  vertical  cross  hairs  on  an  aiming  point  it  is  usually 
necessary  to  give  the  guns  different  deflections  in  order 
that  each  piece  may  be  brought  on  its  own  part  of 
the  target.  The  difference  in  deflections  is  called  the 
deflection  difference.  It  is  usually  small  and  is  the 
same  for  any  two  adjacent  pieces. 

87.  By  opening  out  the  guns  like  a  fan,  the  front 
covered  by  the  fire  is  increased ;  by  closing  in  the  guns, 
the  front  covered  may  be  decreased.  By  increasing  or 
diminishing  the  deflection  difference,  therefore,  the 
front  on  which  the  projectiles  fall  may  be  increased 
or  decreased  at  will. 

The  lines  of  fire  of  several  pieces  collectively  directed 
form  the  sheaf  of  fire. 

88.  When  an  aiming  point  is  used,  the  captain,  assisted 
by  his  battery  detail,  determines  the  deflection  for  one  of 
the  pieces  and  the  amount  by  which  the  other  pieces  must 
be  opened  out  or  closed  in  on  this  one  in  order  that  the 
shots  may  fall  on  the  front  desired. 

The  piece  for  which  the  deflection  is  determined  or 
on  which  the  others  are  to  close  or  open  is  indicated 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


49 


by  the  number  of  the  piece  given  in  the  command :  On 
(such)  piece,  Open  (close)  (so  much).  This  piece  is 
called  the  directing  piece. 

89.  Since  the  deflection  difference  for  any  two  adja¬ 
cent  pieces  is  the  same,  each  gunner  must  multiply  the 
deflection  difference  by  the  number  of  gun  intervals 
between  his  piece  and  the  directing  piece  in  order  to 
find  the  amount  by  which  his  deflection  will  differ  from 
that  of  the  directing  piece. 

90.  The  gunner  of  the  directing  piece  does  not 
change  his  deflection  on  account  of  the  deflection 
difference. 

In  order  to  open  out  the  sheaf  the  guns  on  the  right 
of  the  directing  piece  must  have  their  muzzles  moved 
to  the  right  and  those  on  the  left  of  the  directing  piece 
must  have  their  muzzles  moved  to  the  left. 

91.  This  is  accomplished  by  turning  the  top  of  the 
worm  knob  of  the  panoramic  sight  to  the  right  to  move 
the  muzzle  to  the  right  or  to  the  left  to  move  the  muzzle 
to  the  left. 

The  gunner  must  multiply  the  deflection  difference 
by  one,  two,  or  three,  depending  on  the  number  of 
guns  his  gun  is  to  the  right  or  left  of  the  directing  gun, 
and  change  his  deflection  reading  in  the  appropriate  sum 
by  this  amount. 

92.  When  the  aiming  point  is  in  certain  positions  it 
may  happen  that  the  fire  will  be  properly  distributed  on 
the  target  when  the  deflection  of  all  the  pieces  is  the 
same,  or  when  the  deflection  difference  is  zero.  The 

4 


50  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


absence  of  any  command  open  or  close  is  the  indication 
that  all  the  pieces  are  to  be  laid  with  the  same  deflection. 

93.  After  the  first  or  subsequent  firing,  one  of  the 
guns  may  be  directed  on  its  part  of  the  target  while 
the  others  are  not.  In  such  cases  the  captain  does  not 
change  the  deflection,  but  brings  all  the  guns  on  the 
target  by  opening  or  closing  on  the  gun  which  has 
the  proper  direction. 

94.  The  gunners  are  trained  in  setting  off  the  cor¬ 
rected  deflection  individually  as  well  as  during  the  in¬ 
struction  of  the  gun  squads. 

For  example:  1.  Deflection  1620,  2.  On  1st  piece, 
Open  10.  All  the  gunners  set  1620  as  soon  as  it  is 
announced.  As  soon  as  On  1st  piece,  Open  10  is  given 
the  gunner  of  the  2d  piece  multiplies  10  by  his  interval 
(one)  and  adds  the  result  (10)  to  1620,  and  accordingly 
sets  1630.  The  gunner  of  the  3d  piece  multiplies  10 
by  his  interval  (two)  and  adds  the  result  (20)  to  1620, 
and  accordingly  sets  1640.  The  gunner  of  the  4th  piece 
multiplies  10  by  his  interval  (three)  and  adds  the  result 
(30)  to  1620,  and  accordingly  sets  1650. 

The  sights  being  set  as  above,  for  example,  the 
command  may  be :  On  3d  piece,  Close  5.  The  third 
piece  becomes  the  directing  piece  and  its  gunner  leaves 
his  sight  reading  at  1640.  The  gunner  of  the  4th  piece 
multiplies  5  by  his  interval  (one),  subtracts  the  result 
(5)  from  1650,  and  accordingly  sets  1645.  The  gunner 
of  the  2d  piece  multiplies  his  interval  (one)  by  5,  adds 
the  result  (5)  to  1630,  and  accordingly  sets  1635.  The 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


51 


gunner  of  the  1st  piece  multiplies  his  interval  (two) 
by  5,  adds  the  result  (10)  to  1620,  and  accordingly  sets 
1630. 

95.  It  is  most  important  that  all  the  gunners  first 
set  the  deflection  ordered  and  then  apply  the  deflection 
difference.  This  method  avoids  errors  and  results  in 
greater  rapidity  than  is  obtained  should  the  gunner 
attempt  to  make  all  of  his  calculations  and  then  to  set 
off  the  resulting  deflection. 

96.  It  may  be  that  the  aiming  point  can  be  seen 
from  only  one  piece.  In  such  cases  the  executive,  after 
announcing  the  deflection,  commands :  Lay  on  (Such) 
piece,  designating  the  piece  from  which  the  aiming  point 
can  be  seen.  At  this  command  each  chief  of  section, 
except  that  of  the  piece  designated,  causes  his  gunner 
to  turn  his  sight  in  the  direction  of  the  designated 
piece  and  his  No.  2  to  extend  the  rammer  staff  vertically 
in  front  of  the  object  glass  of  the  sight.  The  designated 
piece  having  been  accurately  laid  at  the  indicated  de¬ 
flection,  its  chief  of  section  causes  the  gunner  to  turn 
his  sight,  without  traversing  the  piece,  so  that  the 
vertical  hair  will  bisect  the  rammer  staff  at  the  other 
pieces  in  succession  and  announces  the  reading,  thus: 
No.  (So  and  so),  (So  much).  The  chief  of  section  of 
the  piece  which  can  see  the  aiming  point  then  causes 
No.  2  to  extend  his  rammer  staff  vertically  alongside 
the  sight. 

As  the  reading  for  his  piece  is  called  off,  each  chief' 
of  section  who  is  unable  to  see  the  aiming  point  sub- 


52  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


tracts  3200  from  the  reading  announced  if  he  is  on 
the  left  of  the  piece  from  which  the  aiming  point  can 
be  seen,  or  adds  3200  to  the  reading  if  he  is  on  the 
right.  He  then  causes  the  gunner  to  set  his  sight 
according  to  the  result  thus  obtained  and  to  lay  on 
the  rammer  staff  at  the  designated  piece.  This  results 
in  the  guns  being  laid  so  that  the  axes  of  the  bores  are 
parallel. 

Each  chief  of  section  then  selects  his  own  aiming 
point  and  causes  the  gunner  to  measure  the  deflection. 

97.  The  necessity  for  taking  full  advantage  of  cover 
for  the  concealment  of  the  guns,  especially  from  aircraft, 
may  sometimes  make  it  impossible  to  utilize  a  common 
aiming  point  or  to  see  one  piece  from  another.  In  such 
cases  the  executive  causes  the  pieces  to  be  pointed, 
by  the  compass  or  other  means,  as  nearly  as  may  be  in 
the  proper  direction.  One  of  the  pieces  is  selected  to 
fire  a  single  round  of  time  shrapnel  so  as  to  give  a  burst 
about  10  mils  above  the  horizon  visible  from  the  guns 
and  at  as  great  a  range  as  practicable.  The  remaining 
pieces  are  so  elevated  and  the  sights  are  so  set  as  to 
enable  each  gunner  quickly  to  turn  the  rotating  head  of 
his  panoramic  sight  upon  the  burst  without  disturbing 
the  laying  of  the  piece.  Each  chief  of  section,  having 
noted  the  deflection,  causes  the  gunner  to  turn  the 
sight  on  any  suitable  aiming  point  without  disturbing 
the  laying.  The  reading  on  the  aiming  point  selected 
is  then  diminished  by  the  reading  on  the  burst  if  this 
latter  reading  was  less  than  3200.  If  the  reading  on 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  53 


the  burst  was  greater  than  3200  the  reading  on  the 
selected  aiming  point  is  increased  by  the  difference 
between  the  burst  setting  and  6400.  The  deflection 
obtained  by  making  the  corrections  just  indicated  is 
then  set  off  on  each  sight  and  each  gunner  brings  his 
cross  hairs  on  the  aiming  point  selected  by  traversing 
the  piece.  This  results  in  the  pieces  all  being  laid  on 
the  point  of  burst  of  the  shot  fired.  By  suitable  com¬ 
mands  for  opening  the  captain  forms  the  sheaf. 

98.  Having  once  formed  the  sheaf,  the  captain  may 
change  its  direction  by  announcing  a  new  deflection  or 
by  the  command:  Right  (Left),  (So  much).  At  the 
command,  for  example,  Right  30,  each  gunner  sub¬ 
tracts  30  from  his  deflection,  sets  his  sight  at  the  new 
deflection,  and  brings  his  vertical  cross  hair  on  the  aim¬ 
ing  point  by  traversing  the  piece.  Each  gunner  has 
then  moved  the  muzzle  of  his  gun  to  the  right  through 
an  angle  of  30  mils.  Similarly,  if  the  command  be  Left 
30  each  gunner  adds  30. 

99.  The  direction  and  distribution  may  be  changed 
simultaneously.  At  the  command,  for  example,  1. 
Left  30,  2.  On  1st  piece,  Close  5,  each  gunner  first  adds 
30,  and  then  applies  the  deflection  difference.  Having 
set  off  his  correct  deflection,  each  gunner  brings  his 
vertical  cross  hair  on  the  aiming  point  by  traversing 
the  piece. 

100.  In  order  properly  to  distribute  the  fire,  it  is 
sometimes  necessary  to  change  the  deflection  of  a  sin¬ 
gle  piece  while  leaving  the  others  unchanged.  The 


54  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


captain  commands,  for  example,  (Such)  piece,  Right 
(left),  (So  much).  The  deflection  of  the  designated 
piece  only  is  changed  as  indicated  in  the  command. 

Range  and  Site. 

101.  As  the  distance  from  the  guns  to  the  target 
increases  the  guns  must  be  pointed  more  and  more 
above  the  line  joining  the  gun  and  the  target  in  order 
that  the  projectile  may  reach  the  target. 

102.  Since  targets  are  not  always  at  the  level  of 
the  gun,  but  are  frequently  above  or  below  this  level, 
the  actual  inclination  of  the  gun  to  the  horizontal  when 
the  gun  is  laid  on  a  target  is  not  the  elevation  due  to 
range  of  the  target  only,  but  is  a  combination  of  this 
elevation  due  to  range  and  of  the  difference  of  level  be¬ 
tween  the  target  and  the  gun.  When  the  gunner  sets  his 
sight  shank  at  the  correct  range  and,  looking  through  the 
sight,  brings  the  horizontal  hair  on  the  bottom  of  the  tar¬ 
get,  he  automatically  gives  the  gun  the  correct  elevation 
above  the  line  joining  the  gun  and  the  target.  This 
elevation  of  the  gun  above  the  line  from  the  gun  to 
the  target  is  affected  by  the  range  only,  and  does  not 
vary  with  the  height  of  the  target. 

103.  When  the  gunner  does  not  sight  directly  at 
the  target,  but  lays  the  gun  for  direction  by  sighting 
at  an  aiming  point,  the  gun  elevation  must  be  given 
by  the  quadrant.  The  quadrant,  therefore,  has  de¬ 
vices  by  which  the  angular  elevation  due  to  range  may 
be  set  off  and  by  which  allowance  for  the  difference  in 
level  between  the  gun  and  the  target  may  be  made. 


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FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  55 


The  first  is  accomplished  by  the  range  disk,  the 
operator  setting  the  range  announced  opposite  the 
index. 

The  second  is  accomplished  by  the  site  device, 
which  the  operator  has  only  to  set  at  the  value 
announced. 

The  range  and  site  data  having  been  set  off  on  the 
quadrant  and  the  quadrant  being  in  place  on  the  gun, 
the  operator  elevates  or  depresses  the  gun  until  the 
bubble  of  the  elevation  level  is  centered.  The  proper 
combination  of  these  two  angular  values  is  thus  auto¬ 
matically  made  and  the  gun  has  the  proper  inclination 
to  the  horizontal  to  cause  the  projectile  to  reach  the 
target. 

104.  The  site  is  announced  by  the  captain,  Site 
(So  and  so). 

Since  the  guns  of  a  battery  are  usually  on  nearly 
the  same  level,  the  site  is  usually  the  same  for  all  the 
guns.  Sometimes,  however,  it  becomes  necessary  to 
give  a  different  site  to  the  several  guns.  In  such  cases 
the  captain  commands:  Site,  No.  1  (So  and  so),  No.  2 
(So  and  so),  etc.  The  gunner  of  each  piece  sets  the 
site  indicated  for  his  particular  piece. 

105.  The  range  is  announced  for  each  salvo  or 
volley. 

Projectiles,  Fuzes,  Kinds  of  Fire. 

106.  There  are  two  kinds  of  projectiles  for  the 
3-inch  field  gun:  shell  and  shrapnel.  There  are  also 
two  kinds  of  shrapnel :  common  and  high  explosive. 


56  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 

107.  The  shell  consists  of  a  steel  case  with  a  burst¬ 
ing  charge  of  high  explosive  which  detonates  upon 

striking. 

The  common  shrapnel  consists  of  a  steel  case  con- 
taining  about  250  bullets  and  a  bursting  charge  of 
black  powder  in  the  base. 

The  high-explosive  shrapnel  (H.  E.  shrapnel)  is 
similar  to  the  common  shrapnel,  except  that  it  con¬ 
tains  not  only  the  base  charge  but  a  high  explosive 
intermingled  with  the  shrapnel  bullets.  This  shrapnel 
is  fitted  with  a  fuze  that  causes  the  high  explosive  to 

detonate  upon  striking.  (See  plate  V.) 

If  either  the  common  or  the  high-explosive  shrapnel 
bursts  in  air  the  case  is  not  ruptured,  but  the  base 
charge  forces  the  nose  off  the  shrapnel  case  and  expels 
the  bullets  to  the  front  in  the  general  shape  of  a  cone, 
called  the  shrapnel  cone. 

108.  With  respect  to  the  instant  at  which  the  pro¬ 
jectiles  burst,  fire  is  classified  as  percussion  fire  and 

time  fire.  ,  .  .. 

In  percussion  fire  the  projectile  bursts  when  it 

strikes ;  the  burst  is  then  said  to  be  on  impact. 

In  time  fire  the  projectile  bursts  in  the  air  before 

reaching  the  ground. 

109.  Bursts  on  impact  are  secured  by  a  fuze  which 
explodes  the  bursting  charge  upon  striking.  Such  a 
fuze  is  a  percussion  fuze.  It  does  not  have  to  be  set, 
but  is  always  ready  to  act  after  the  projectile  is  fired. 

110.  Bursts  in  the  air  are  secured  by  a  fuze  which 


V  ^  ^  is  ‘o  V, 

I  1  I  /  | / { /  // 
' 1 «.//  \ )/!/// 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  57 


can  be  set  to  explode  the  base  charge  at  any  time  after 
the  projectile  is  fired.  Such  a  fuze  is  a  time  fuze.  It 
contains  a  powder  train  which  starts  burning  at  the 
instant  when  the  projectile  is  fired  and,  when  the  fuze 
is  set,  burns  down  to  the  base  charge  in  a  period  of  time 
dependent  on  the  setting. 

111.  For  convenience  the  fuze  setter  for  setting  the 
time  fuze  is  graduated  in  range.  But  due  to  errors  of 
the  fuze  and  other  causes  the  base  charge  will  not 
always  explode  at  exactly  the  range  set  off.  Moreover, 
it  is  sometimes  necessary  to  vary  the  height  of  burst. 
For  this  the  fuze  setter  is  arranged  to  permit  changing 
the  fuze  setting  without  changing  the  range  reading 
on  the  fuze  setter.  The  device  for  accomplishing  this 
is  called  the  corrector.  A  corrector  of  about  30  ordi¬ 
narily  gives  a  height  of  burst  of  about  3  mils  as  seen 
from  the  guns.  This  height  of  burst  is  called  normal. 
Raising  the  corrector  shortens  the  part  of  the  time  train 
which  must  burn  before  the  base  charge  is  reached  and 
therefore  raises  the  height  of  burst.  Lowering  the 
corrector  lengthens  the  time  of  burning  and  lowers  the 
height  of  burst. 

112.  All  shells  are  provided  with  percussion  fuzes 
only. 

All  shrapnel  are  provided  with  combination  fuzes 
containing  both  percussion  and  time  elements.  The 
percussion  element  acts  if  the  time  element  has  not 
acted  before  the  projectile  strikes.  If  the  combination 
fuze  be  set  at  safety  the  time  element  can  not  act,  but 
the  percussion  element  will  act. 


58  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


113.  The  gun  squads  must  know  the  kind  of  pro¬ 
jectiles  and  the  fuze  which  are  to  be  used.  This  is 
indicated  to  them  by  the  commands:  Shell;  or,  Per¬ 
cussion;  or,  Corrector  (So  much) ;  or,  Up  (Down)  (So 
much).  The  command  shell  indicates  that  shell  are  to 
be  used.  Since  shrapnel  for  percussion  fire  must  have 
their  fuzes  set  at  safety  and  since  the  fuzes  are  carried 
at  that  setting  in  the  chest,  it  is  not  necessary  to  use 
the  fuze  setter  when  the  command  percussion  is  given ; 
but,  as  the  gun  squads  must  be  ready  to  change  from 
percussion  to  time  fire,  No.  3  always  sets  his  range 
scale  at  the  last  range  announced. 

Corrector  (So  much) ;  or.  Up  (Down)  (So  much) 
indicates  time  fire  with  shrapnel  and  that  the  fuzes 
must  be  set. 

114.  A  circular  groove  is  cut  in  the  base  of  the  car¬ 
tridge  case.  The  groove  is  painted  red  for  high-ex- 
plosive  shrapnel,  yellow  for  common  shrapnel,  and 
black  for  high-explosive  shell.  A  circular  hole  0.02  inch 
deep  and  0.375  inch  diameter  is  drilled  in  the  base  of 
the  cartridge  case  and  filled  with  red  paint  for  common 
shrapnel  fitted  with  Semple  night  tracers  and  with  black 
paint  for  day  tracers. 

Methods  of  Fire. 

115.  The  methods  of  fire  are  fire  by  salvo,  volley 
fire,  volley-fire  sweeping,  and  fire  at  will.  The  use  of 
salvos  and  volleys  is  habitual  and  both  natures  of  fire 
are  ordinarily  used  in  firing  at  each  target,  particularly 
in  time  fire.  Volley-fire  sweeping  is  employed  during 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  59 


fire  for  effect  Fire  at  will  is  exceptional,  being  used 
only  for  the  close  defense  of  the  guns. 

Salvos. 

116.  The  command  for  a  battery  salvo  is:  Battery 
right  (left).  Upon  the  command  fire  by  the  executive 
the  pieces  are  fired,  at  the  command  of  the  gunners, 
in  order  from  the  right  at  intervals  of  about  two  seconds. 

117.  The  command  for  a  platoon  salvo  is:  Right 
right  (left),  or,  Left  left  (right). 

The  first  word  of  the  command  designates  the 
platoon  which  is  to  fire. 

If  the  command  be  right  right  (left)  the  first  and 
second  pieces  only  are  loaded.  Similarly,  if  the  com¬ 
mand  be  left  left  (right)  the  third  and  fourth  pieces 
only  are  loaded. 

The  second  word  of  the  command  indicates  the 
flank  from  which  the  pieces  designated  are  to  be  suc¬ 
cessively  fired.  Upon  the  command  fire,  by  the  execu¬ 
tive,  the  pieces  designated  are  fired,  at  the  command 
of  their  gunners,  in  the  order  indicated  at  an  interval 
of  about  two  seconds. 

118.  The  interval  of  two  seconds  may  be  increased 
by  cautioning  after  the  command  for  the  salvo,  At 
(so  many  seconds).  The  interval  thus  prescribed  will 
be  used  as  long  as  salvos  are  fired  until  another  interval 
is  announced. 

119.  Occasionally  it  may  be  desirable  to  fire  each 
piece  at  the  specific  command  of  the  captain.  The  cap¬ 
tain  cautions :  At  my  command.  Each  piece  is  then 


60 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


fired  upon  the  command  by  the  captain:  No.  (So-and- 
so)  Fire,  each  gunner  repeating  the  command  fire  when 
his  piece  is  designated. 

120.  In  certain  cases  it  may  be  desirable  to  fire  a 
single  piece.  The  captain  commands :  (Such)  piece 
only.  The  designated  piece  only  is  loaded  and  it  is 
fired  upon  the  command  fire  by  the  executive. 

121.  When  the  method  of  fire  is  by  platoon  salvo 
or  by  piece,  the  gun  squads  of  the  pieces  which  are  not 
to  take  part  in  the  firing  keep  all  the  instruments  set 
and  the  pieces  laid  in  accordance  with  the  commands. 
All  the  guns  are  thus  able  to  open  fire  immediately. 
To  change  from  platoon  salvos,  or  fire  by  single  piece, 
to  battery  salvos,  the  command  is:  Battery  right  (left). 
All  of  the  pieces  take  up  the  fire  in  succession  from 
the  flank  indicated. 

122.  Salvos  are  particularly  suitable  for  fire  for 
adjustment  on  account  of  the  facility  with  which  the 
bursts  may  be  observed. 

Volley  Fire. 

123.  The  command  for  battery  volleys  is :  Battery 
(So  many)  rounds.  Upon  the  command  fire  by  the 
executive,  each  piece  fires  the  designated  number  of 
rounds  as  rapidly  as  possible  consistent  with  accuracy 
and  without  regard  to  the  other  pieces.  To  make 
certain  that  the  correct  number  of  rounds  is  fired,  each 
No.  4  as  he  loads  the  piece  calls  out  the  range  and  the 
number  of  the  round.  As  the  last  round  ordered  is 
loaded,  he  adds  :  Last  round.  Thus,  the  command  being 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  61 


Battery  2  rounds,  3200.  On  loading  the  first  round, 
each  No.  4  calls  3200,  One;  on  loading  the  second 
round,  each  No.  4  calls  3200,  Two,  Last  round. 

124.  In  exceptional  cases  it  may  be  desirable  to  use 
one  platoon  only  in  volley  fire.  In  such  cases  the  com¬ 
mand  is:  Right  (Left),  (So  many)  rounds.  Only  the 
pieces  in  the  designated  platoon  are  loaded  and  fired. 

125.  Volley  fire  is  particularly  suitable  for  fire  for 
effect  on  account  of  the  rapidity  with  which  it  may  be 
delivered. 

Volley-fire  Sweeping. 

126.  The  purpose  of  sweeping  is  to  distribute  the 
fire  over  a  wide  front.  It  consists  in  changing  the 
direction  of  each  piece  between  shots. 

This  may  be  accomplished  mechanically  by  a  full 
turn  of  the  traversing  hand-wheel  between  rounds  if 
there  is  not  material  lost  motion  in  the  mechanism. 
Or,  if  the  reticule  of  the  panoramic  sight  is  provided 
with  a  horizontal  scale,  the  line  of  sight  may  be  shifted 
through  an  appropriate  angle. 

127.  The  commands  for  sweeping  are :  Battery  (So 
many)  rounds,  sweeping,  or,  Right  (Left),  (So  many) 
rounds,  sweeping.  The  execution  is  the  same  as  that 
of  volley  fire  in  every  respect,  except  that  after  the  first 
and  each  succeeding  round  of  the  sweep  the  gunner 
traverses  the  piece  to  the  left  by  one  full  turn  of  the 
traversing  handwheel,  disregarding  accurate  laying  in 
direction ;  or,  if  the  reticule  of  the  sight  has  a  horizontal 
scale,  instead  of  turning  the  handwheel  he  shifts  the 


62  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


line  of  sight  10  mils  to  the  left  for  ranges  up  to  2500 
yards,  5  mils  for  ranges  exceeding  2500  yards. 

As  soon  as  the  last  round  of  the  sweep  has  been 
fired,  the  gunner  traverses  the  piece  back  to  the  right 
until  the  line  of  sight  is  again  on  the  right  of  his  portion 
of  the  target  or  on  the  aiming  point. 

Fire  at  Will. 

128.  For  the  very  close  defense  of  the  guns  the 
command  is:  1.  Target  (So-and-so),  2.  FIRE  AT 
WILL.  At  this  command  sights  are  set  at  deflection 
zero  and  range  1000.  Fuze  setters  are  set  at  corrector 
30  and  range  zero.  Shrapnel  only  are  used.  Each  gun 
is  loaded  and  laid  on  the  target.  Upon  the  command 
fire  by  the  executive,  each  gun  is  fired  as  rapidly  as 
possible  until  the  command  cease  firing  or  until  the 
target  disappears  or  actually  reaches  the  gun.  In  fire 
at  will,  the  gunner  neglects  all  refinements  of  laying, 
rapidity  in  this  case  being  of  more  importance  than 
great  accuracy. 

Firing  Data  and  Their  Communication  to  the 

Gun  Squads. 

129.  The  firing  data  embrace  all  the  information 
and  commands  necessary  to  enable  the  gun  squads  to 
accomplish  the  orderly,  rapid,  and  accurate  service  of 
the  pieces.  To  this  end  it  is  essential  that  the  firing 
data  be  communicated  to  the  guns  in  an  habitual  se¬ 
quence.  First  place  must  be  given  to  the  element  of 
the  data  most  essential  to  commencing  the  service  of 
the  pieces.  The  sequence  should  favor  as  far  as  pos- 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  63 


sible  the  completion  of  one  operation  by  a  particular 
member  of  the  gun  squad  before  he  is  required  to  take 
the  data  for  another. 

130.  The  necessary  data  for  indirect  laying  in  their 
habitual  sequence  are — 

1.  The  designation  of  the  aiming  point. 

2.  The  deflection. 

3.  The  deflection  difference. 

4.  The  site. 

5.  The  kind  of  projectile  (corrector,  shell,  or  percus¬ 
sion  shrapnel). 

6.  The  method  of  fire. 

7.  The  range. 

8.  The  command,  by  the  executive,  fire. 

131.  The  necessary  data  for  direct  laying  in  their 
habitual  sequence  are — 

1.  The  designation  of  the  target. 

2.  The  deflection. 

3.  The  kind  of  projectile  (corrector,  shell,  or  per¬ 
cussion). 

4.  The  method  of  fire. 

5.  The  range. 

6.  The  command,  by  the  executive,  fire. 

132.  Fire  at  will  being  an  exceptional  and  special 
method,  in  which  the  sight  and  the  fuze  setter  have  fixed 
settings,  and  direct  laying  with  shrapnel  is  always  used, 
the  only  firing  data  necessary  are  the  designation  of  the 
target,  the  method  of  fire,  and  the  command  fire. 

133.  It  is  generally  possible  to  communicate  certain 


64  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


items  of  the  data  before  the  moment  for  opening  lire. 
For  example,  in  indirect  laying  the  aiming  point  may 
be  designated  and  the  approximate  deflection  and  the 
deflection  difference  announced  as  soon  as  the  guns  are 
established. 

134.  Except  when  the  captain  is  near  enough  to  the 
battery  to  make  his  voice  heard  by  all  the  gun  squads, 
the  executive  repeats  all  the  firing  data.  Without  await¬ 
ing  any  signal  or  command  from  the  captain,  the  execu¬ 
tive  gives  the  command  fire  at  such  time  after  the  range 
is  announced  as  will  insure  the  orderly  delivery  of  the 
fire.  If  the  captain  desires  to  give  a  range  without 
opening  fire,  he  cautions  Do  not  load  before  announcing 
the  range.  To  load  and  fire  he  again  announces  the 
range.  To  suspend  the  fire  at  any  time  the  captain 
commands  or  signals :  Cease  firing.  The  firing  is 
stopped  and  all  of  the  pieces  are  unloaded,  but  are  kept 
laid  with  the  last  data  received.  The  signal  for  cease 
firing  is  a  prolonged  blast  on  the  whistle  with  the  right 
arm  raised  vertically  until  the  signal  is  obeyed. 

135.  Each  gunner  gives  the  command  fire  so  that  his 
piece  will  be  fired  at  the  proper  time  after  the  com¬ 
mand  fire  by  the  executive.  No  other  item-  of  the  firing 
data  is  repeated  unless  it  is  called  for.  When  a  mem¬ 
ber  of  a  gun  squad  does  not  understand  any  item  of  the 
firing  data  he  asks  his  chief  of  section  for  it,  thus  Site? 
Corrector?  etc. 

136.  The  complete  firing  data  are  always  necessary 
before  firing  the  first  salvo  or  volley  after  occupying  a 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  65 


position.  After  the  first  salvo  or  volley  the  captain 
announces  only  so  much  of  the  data  as  he  desires  to 
change,  except  that  the  range  is  always  given  as  a 
definite  signal  to  load  and  for  the  executive  to  give 
the  command  fire  at  the  proper  time. 

In  firing  shell  or  percussion  shrapnel  each  piece  is 
loaded  as  soon  as  it  is  fired ;  but  the  range  is  neverthe¬ 
less  given  as  a  definite  signal  for  the  executive  to  give 
the  command  fire  at  the  proper  time. 

137.  In  the  exceptional  cases  in  which  the  captain 
causes  each  piece  to  fire  at  his  command,  the  executive 
repeats  the  command  :  No.  (So  and  so)  Fire,  unless  the 
captain  is  near  enough  to  the  guns  to  make  his  voice 
heard  by  all  the  gun  squads.  Each  gunner  cautions 
fire  at  the  proper  time. 

To  Measure  a  De-flection. 

138.  The  gun  being  established  in  direction  by 
direct  laying  or  otherwise,  the  deflection  may  be  meas¬ 
ured  by  turning  the  rotating  head  of  the  panoramic 
sight  until  the  vertical  cross  hair  is  on  the  aiming  point. 
The  reading  of  the  instrument  is  then  the  deflection 
sought. 

139.  The  gunner  is  practiced  in  measuring  the  de¬ 
flection  as  follows: 

The  gun  being  laid  in  direction  on  any  target  with 
zero  deflection  and  the  gunner  seated  on  his  trail  seat, 
the  instructor  commands,  for  example : 

1.  Aiming  point,  that  clock  tower. 

2.  MEASURE  THE  DEFLECTION. 


66  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


1.  The  gunner  turns  the  rotating  head  of  the  pano¬ 
ramic  sight  until  the  vertical  cross  hair  is  on  the  desig¬ 
nated  aiming  point. 

2.  He  then  reads  and  announces  the  deflection,  thus  : 
Deflection,  490. 

Duties  of  the  Cannoneers. 

The  Gunner. 

140.  The  duties  of  the  gunner  in  the  service  of  the 
piece  are : 

1.  To  set  the  deflection. 

2.  To  apply  the  deflection  difference. 

3.  To  set  the  range. 

4.  To  level  the  cross-level  bubble  on  the  sight-shank 
socket. 

5.  To  give  the  direction  to  the  piece. 

6.  To  give  the  elevation  in  direct  laying. 

7.  To  call  ready. 

8.  To  move  his  head  out  of  the  way  of  the  sight  be¬ 
fore  the  piece  is  fired. 

9.  To  give  the  command  to  fire  the  piece. 

10.  To  measure  a  deflection  when  directed. 

141.  To  throw  the  projectile  to  the  left,  increase  the 
deflection.  To  throw  the  projectile  to  the  right,  dimin¬ 
ish  the  deflection. 

No.  1. 

142.  The  duties  of  No.  1  in  the  service  of  the  piece 
are : 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  67 


1.  To  set  and  release  the  brake. 

2.  To  open  the  breech. 

3.  To  set  the  site  on  the  quadrant. 

4.  To  set  the  range  on  the  quadrant. 

5.  To  center  the  cross  level  bubble  of  the  quadrant. 

6.  To  close  the  breech. 

7.  In  indirect  laying,  to  give  the  elevation. 

8.  To  call  set. 

9.  To  fire  the  piece. 

10.  To  measure  the  site  when  directed. 

To  Measure  the  Site. 

143.  The  gun  being  accurately  laid  on  the  target  by 
means  of  the  panoramic  sight,  the  sight-shank  being 
set  at  any  convenient  range,  2700,  for  example,  the 
instructor  commands : 

1.  Measure  the  site. 

2.  2700. 

1.  At  the  command  2700,  No.  1  sets  2700  on  his 
range  disk. 

2.  Centers  the  cross  level  bubble,  if  necessary. 

3.  Centers  the  bubble  of  the  elevation  level  by  turn¬ 
ing  the  micrometer  screw. 

4.  Call  out  the  site  reading,  thus :  Site  330. 

No.  2. 

144.  The  duties  of  No.  2  in  the  service  of  the  piece 
are : 

1.  To  shift  the  trail  so  as  to  give  the  general  direc¬ 
tion  to  the  pieces. 

2.  To  throw  the  empty  cartridge  cases  out  of  the 
way  of  the  gun  squad. 


68  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


3.  Moves  the  muzzle  to  right  or  left  at  command : 

1.  Muzzle,  2.  RIGHT  (LEFT). 

4.  Shifts  muzzle  to  the  right  (left)  at  such  com¬ 
mand  as  1.  Right  (Left)  50. 

No.  3. 

145.  The  duties  of  No.  3  in  the  service  of  the  piece 
are : 

1.  To  set  the  corrector. 

2.  To  set  the  range  on  the  fuze  setter. 

3.  To  set  the  fuze  when  the  hand  fuze  setter  is  used. 

146.  The  corrector  having  once  been  set,  changes 
in  the  setting  are  usually  made  at  the  command :  Up 
(Down)  (So  many). 

The  command  up  means  that  the  corrector  reading 
is  to  be  increased ;  down  means  that  the  corrector  read¬ 
ing  is  to  be  diminished. 

147.  The  hand  fuze  setter  is  used  only  when  the 
bracket  fuze  setter  is  not  available.  No.  3  sets  the  scales 
in  a  manner  similar  to  that  described  for  the  bracket 
fuze  setter.  He  also  sets  the  fuze,  No.  5  holding  the 
round. 

148.  Increasing  the  corrector  reading  shortens  the 
time  of  burning  of  the  fuze  and  hence  raises  the  point 
of  burst  of  the  projectile;  decreasing  the  corrector  read¬ 
ing  lengthens  the  time  of  burning  of  the  fuze  and  hence 
lowers  the  point  of  burst  of  the  projectile. 

No.  4. 

149.  The  duties  of  No.  4  in  the  service  of  the  piece 
are : 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  69 

1.  In  time  fire  to  complete  the  setting  of  the  fuze. 

2.  To  insert  the  round  in  the  breech. 

3.  In  volley  fire  to  call  out  the  number  of  the  round 
as  3200  one,  3200  two,  last  round. 

150.  The  signal  that  time  fire  is  to  be  used  is  the 
command  :  Corrector  (So  much).  The  signal  that  per¬ 
cussion  fire  is  to  be  used  is  the  command :  Shell,  or 
Percussion. 

151.  When  the  hand  fuze  setter  is  used,  and  in  per¬ 
cussion  fire,  No.  4  receives  a  round  of  ammunition 
directly  from  No.  5  and  inserts  it  in  the  breech. 

152.  In  percussion  fire  No.  4,  after  taking  a  round 
from  No.  5,  stands  at  his  position  at  the  breech  and 
loads  the  piece  as  soon  as  the  previous  round  has  been 
fired.  No.  4  is  thus  always  ready  to  load  the  piece 
without  loss  of  time.  He  takes  care  to  stand  clear  of 
the  breech  during  recoil. 

No.  5. 

153.  The  duties  of  No.  5  in  the  service  of  the  piece  are : 

1.  To  take  ammunition  from  the  chest. 

2.  When  the  bracket  fuze  setter  is  being  used,  to 
insert  the  round  in  the  fuze  setter  and  to  set  the  fuze, 
first  removing  waterproof  cap. 

3.  When  the  hand  fuze  setter  is  used,  to  hold  the 
round  while  No.  3  sets  the  fuze,  first  removing  water¬ 
proof  cap. 

4.  To  pass  the  round  directly  to  No.  4  in  percussion 
fire,  and  when  the  hand  fuze  setter  is  used  in  time  fire. 


70  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


5.  As  soon  as  No.  4  removes  a  round  from  the  fuze 
setter,  No.  5  immediately  places  another  shrapnel  in 
the  fuze  setter  and  sets  the  fuze. 


Nos.  6  and  7. 

154.  Nos.  6  and  7  have  no  specific  duties  in  the  ser¬ 
vice  of  the  piece  after  it  is  established  in  position.  They 
act  as  spare  cannoneers. 


155.  Upon  going  into  action,  Nos.  6  and  7  are  util¬ 
ized  for  the  construction  of  concealment  for  the  car¬ 
riages,  for  line  guards  on  the  telephone  lines,  for  the 
resupply  of  ammunition,  etc.  This  work  is  done  under 
the  immediate  supervision  of  the  executive  or  his 
assistant. 

Combined  Training  at  the  Piece  and  at  the  Caisson. 

156.  The  duties  of  the  gunner  and  Nos.  1  and  2  are 
mutually  dependent.  So  also  are  those  of  Nos.  3,  4, 
and  5. 

The  efficient  service  of  the  gun  depends  upon  the 
orderly  cooperation  of  the  members  of  the  gun  squad, 
as  well  as  upon  the  skill  of  the  individual  cannoneers. 
The  habit  of  combined  effort  must  hence  be  acquired. 


157.  Types  of  Commands. 


Direct  Laying 
Target,  that  battery 
Deflection  5 
Corrector  30 
Battery  Right 
2800 


Indirect  Laying 

Aiming  point,  that  steeple 

Deflection  3670 

On  1st  Piece  Close  10 

Site  310 

Corrector  28 

Right  Right 

3600 


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FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


71 


Right  5 
Down  3 
2600 

Up  2 

Battery  one  round 
2600 

The 


Left  50 

On  3d  Piece  Open  10 
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Battery  three  rounds,  sweeping 
3600 

Gun. 


158.  The  3"  Field  Gun,  Model  of  1905,  is  a  built-up 
construction  of  nickel  steel  and  consists  of  a  tube, 
jacket,  locking  hoop  and  front  clip. 

On  the  under  part  of  the  jacket  and  clip  are  two 
grooves  which  fit  over  the  guide  rails  of  the  cradle. 

The  gun  slides  along  these  rails  when  fired.  The 
rifling  is  of  the  increasing  twist  variety  and  gives  the 
rotation  to  the  projectile.  See  plate  I. 


Weight  of  gun  . . . 

Caliber  . 

Length  . 

Number  of  lands  and  grooves 

Maximum  pressure  . 

Muzzle  velocity  . 

Limit  of  depression  . 

Maximum  elevation  _ 

Range  at  15  degrees  elevation 
Maximum  range,  trail  sunk  . 


.  778  lbs. 

.  3  inches. 

about  7  feet. 

.  24 

. .  33000  lbs.  sq.  in. 

. .  1700  f.  s. 

.  5  degrees. 

.  15  degrees. 

.  6000  yards. 

.  8500  yards. 


Breech  Mechanism,  Model  of  1905. 

159.  The  breech-block  is  of  the  interrupted  screw 
type,  has  four  slotted  and  four  threaded  sectors. 

The  breech  is  opened  by  a  continuous  pull  on  the 
operating  lever.  The  first  part  of  the  rotation  of  the 
lever  unlocks  the  threaded  sectors,  the  last  part  of  the 
motion  swinging  the  block  to  the  rear  and  right. 

The  breech  is  closed  by  a  reverse  motion. 


I 


72  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 

The  breech-block  is  eccentrically  mounted  with 
reference  to  the  axis  of  the  bore,  so  that  the  vent  comes 
opposite  the  primer  only  when  the  breech-block  is  fully 
closed. 

160.  The  firing  mechanism  is  of  the  continuous-pull 
type ;  the  pull  on  the  firing  handle  first  cocking  and  then 
tripping  the  firing  pin.  See  plate  III. 

The  Gun  Carriage. 

161.  The  3"  gun  carriage  is  of  the  type  known  as 
the  long  recoil,  the  gun  on  the  carriage  recoiling  about 
45  inches,  the  carriage  not  moving  after  the  first  shot, 
which  engages  the  trail  spade. 

The  gun  is  mounted  upon  a  cradle  which  houses  the 
recoil  controlling  parts.  The  cradle  rests  upon  a  rocker 
and  can  be  traversed  upon  it  for  70  mils  each  way. 

The  rocker  is  strapped  to  the  axle  and  its  rear  end 
is  supported  by  the  elevating  screw.  See  plates  IX 
and  X. 

162.  The  recoil  controlling  parts  inside  the  cradle 
are  the  recoil  cylinder,  piston  head,  throttling  bars,  pis¬ 
ton  rod,  counter  recoil  buffer,  counter  recoil  springs, 
spring  support. 

The  inside  of  the  recoil  cylinder  is  filled  with  hydro- 
lene  oil.  The  oil  freezes  only  at  very  low  temperatures. 

The  counter  recoil  springs  (three  in  number)  are 
assembled  with  an  initial  compression  of  500  lbs.  See 
plate  XIII. 

163.  The  elevating  gear  is  of  the  double-screw  type, 


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FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


73 


thus  getting  twice  as  much  elevation  and  speed  as  with 
one  elevating  screw  of  the  same  length  and  pitch  of 
threads.  See  plate  XI. 

164.  The  traversing  mechanism  consists  of  a  steel 
shaft  threaded  upon  its  central  portion,  and  is  mounted 
in  the  rocker.  As  the  shaft  is  rotated  the  traversing 
nut  moves  back  and  forth  along  it.  The  cradle  is 
attached  to  the  traversing  nut  by  the  traversing  link. 
See  plate  XII. 

3-inch  Gun  (Caisson)  Limber. 

165.  Weight  of  limber,  equipped  and 


loaded  . 1740  lbs. 

Weight  of  gun,  carriage  and  limber, 

equipped  and  loaded  . 4260  lbs. 

Number  of  rounds  carried .  36 

See  plate  XIV. 

166.  Weight  of  caisson,  equipped  and 

loaded  . 2820  lbs. 

Weight  of  caisson  and  limber, 

equipped  and  loaded . 4560  lbs. 

Number  of  rounds  carried  in  cais¬ 
son  only .  70 

See  plates  XV  and  XVI. 


To  Remove  and  Replace  a  Hub  Liner. 

167.  To  remove  a  hub  liner :  Remove  the  wheel  from 
the  axle  and  drive  the  liner  out  by  striking  with  a  heavy 
hammer  or  sledge  upon  the  hub-liner  driving  tool  (a 
bronze  tool  furnished  for  the  purpose)  placed  against 


74  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 

the  small  end  of  the  liner.  Replace  the  hub  liner  in 
the  reverse  order. 

To  Dismount  and  Assemble  the  Elevating  Screws . 

168.  To  dismount  the  elevating  screws:  Remove 
the  elevating  pin ;  unscrew  the  inner  screw  by  hand ; 
remove  the  elevating-screw  cover;  remove  the  outer 
screw  by  screwing  it  down  through  the  elevating-gear 
bracket.  Assemble  it  in  the  reverse  order. 

To  Remove  and  Replace  a  Wheel. 

169.  Raise  the  wheel  to  be  removed  from  the  ground, 
by  a  jack  or  some  such  device. 

Lift  the  hub  latch  which  releases  the  hub  latch 
plunger  from  the  hub  cap,  then  unscrew  the  hub  cap 
by  turning  it  to  the  left.  Press  the  wheel-fastening 
plunger  until  it  is  flush  with  the  inner  surface  of  the 
wheel  fastening  and  raise  the  wheel  fastening  clear 
of  the  axle.  Remove  the  wheel. 

Oils  for  Artillery  Materiel. 

170.  For  the  service,  cleaning,  and  preservation  of 
this  materiel  the  Ordnance  Department  issues  hydro¬ 
line  oil,  lubricating  oil  (or  engine  oil  No.  1),  clock  oil, 
sperm  oil,  coal  oil,  neat’s-foot  oil,  and  light  slushing  oil. 
Each  of  these  oils  is  suited  for  the  particular  purpose 
for  which  it  is  issued,  as  stated  below,  and  care  should 
be  taken  that  it  is  not  used  for  other  purposes. 

The  hydroline  oil  is  for  use  in  the  recoil  cylinders  of 
the  carriages  and  for  no  other  purpose. 

The  lubricating  oil  (or  engine  oil  No.  1)  will  be 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  75 


used  exclusively  in  all  oil  holes  of  the  materiel,  and  in 
lubricating  such  parts  as  wheels  and  axles,  gun  and 
cradle  slides,  pintle  socket,  elevating  and  traversing 
mechanisms,  exterior  of  cylinders,  brake  bearings, 
hinges,  different  surfaces  of  breech-blocks,  threads  of 
breech  recess,  etc. 

Clock  oil  should  be  used  on  the  spindle  and  all  bear¬ 
ings  of  the  battery  commander’s  telescope,  bearings  of 
the  panoramic  sight,  range  quadrant,  and  fuze  setters, 
and  on  the  observation  telescope,  field  artillery  plotter, 
and  worms  of  the  rear  sight.  In  all  cases  clock  oil 
should  only  be  used  wThen  the  instruments  mentioned 
are  disassembled  for  cleaning.  When  used  it  should 
be  applied  by  dropping  from  the  end  of  the  dropper 
attached  to  the  end  of  the  cork. 

The  sperm  oil  is  a  lighter  lubricant  than  the  engine 
oil  No.  1,  and  may  be  used  on  the  gears  of  sights,  fuze 
setters,  range  quadrants,  parts  of  revolvers,  etc. ;  engine 
oil  No.  1  may  also  be  used  on  such  parts. 

Coal  oil  is  used  by  the  Ordnance  Department  for 
cleaning  purposes.  In  the  field  it  may  be  used  for  lan¬ 
terns.  Coal  oil  for  general  illuminating  purposes  is  fur¬ 
nished  by  the  Quartermaster  Department. 

Neat’s-foot  oil  is  used  for  the  care  and  preservation 
of  all  leather  equipment. 

Light  slushing  oil  is  prescribed  for  use  in  the  pro¬ 
tection  and  preservation  of  all  bright  or  unpainted  sur¬ 
faces  of  steel  or  iron  on  all  parts  of  the  equipment  wdien 
the  materiel  is  to  remain  unused  for  an  appreciable 


76  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


length  of  time.  Its  use  as  a  lubricant  for  mobile  artil¬ 
lery  is  forbidden. 

Before  applying  the  slushing  oil  to  any  surface,  the 
part  should  be  thoroughly  cleaned,  so  as  to  be  free  from 
rust,  water,  coal  oil,  lubricating  oil,  etc.,  as  their  pres¬ 
ence  will  cause  rusting  under  the  slushing  oil.  The 
slushing  oil  should  then  be  applied  in  a  thin,  uniform 
coat,  since  this  is  ALL  that  is  necessary  to  give  good 
protection. 

Except  in  very  cold  weather  it  can  be  applied  by 
using  a  paint  brush  as  when  painting;  in  cold  weather  it 
should  be  applied  by  stippling — that  is,  lightly  tapping 
the  surface  with  the  end  of  the  sash  tool  held  with 
bristles  perpendicular  to  the  surface  to  be  covered.  It 
can  be  applied  to  the  bores  of  guns  by  the  slush  brush 
issued  for  the  purpose.  In  cold  weather  it  should  be 
warmed  before  use  for  coating  the  bores  of  guns. 

It  may  be  readily  removed  by  the  use  of  burlap  or 
waste  dipped  in  coal  oil. 

Care  and  Cleaning  of  Recoil  Cylinders  and  Other  Parts 

of  Carriage. 

171.  The  carriage  must  be  properly  cleaned  and 
cared  for  to  insure  its  working  correctly.  The  officers 
responsible  for  the  efficiency  of  the  battery  should 
familiarize  themselves  with  the  carriage  mechanism 
and  with  the  foregoing  instructions  as  to  the  methods 
of  mounting  and  dismounting  the  various  parts,  and 
should  see  that  the  carriage  is  properly  handled,  cleaned, 
and  cared  for.  The  following  general  directions  for  its 
care  and  cleaning  are  given  : 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  77 


The  recoil  cylinder  should  be  emptied  and  refilled 
once  every  three  months,  and  thoroughly  cleaned  once 
every  six  months,  or  oftener  if  the  conditions  require  it. 
The  cylinder  is  most  readily  emptied  and  filled  when 
removed  from  the  carriage.  For  cleaning  it  is  dis¬ 
mounted  and  the  cylinder  head,  counter  recoil  buffer, 
and  piston  rod  removed,  as  heretofore  described.  The 
interior  of  the  cylinder,  the  piston,  the  counter  recoil 
buffer,  and  the  stuffing  box  should  then  be  thoroughly 
cleaned  by  the  use  of  cotton  waste  and  coal  oil  and 
wiped  dry  with  cotton  waste.  The  removal  of  the 
packing  is  not  necessary  in  cleaning.  The  cylinder 
bore  should  be  carefully  inspected,  and  if  any  rust  has 
formed  it  should  be  removed  with  coal  oil,  using,  if 
necessary,  fine  emery  cloth.  The  latter  must  be  used 
with  great  care  to  prevent  any  increase  in  the  clearance 
between  the  cylinder  and  piston.  If  rubbing,  burring, 
or  scoring  of  the  parts  is  noted,  the  rough  spots  should 
be  carefully  smoothed  down  by  a  skilled  workman  with 
a  dead-smooth  file  or  with  emery  cloth,  and  the  cause  of 
the  roughness  ascertained  and  removed.  Where  un¬ 
usual  rubbing  or  scoring  has  occurred,  the  facts  will  be 
reported  to  the  officer  of  the  Ordnance  Department 
charged  with  the  duty  of  keeping  the  battery  in  repair 
for  his  information  and  action. 

The  parts  should  be  reassembled  immediately  after 
cleaning  and  inspection,  and  the  cylinder  filled  with  the 
hydroline  oil  issued  for  that  purpose.  The  piston 
should  be  moved  back  and  forth  in  the  cylinder  by 


78  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


hand  to  make  sure  that  all  parts  are  correctly  assem¬ 
bled  and  are  without  interference.  The  cylinder  should 
then  be  mounted  in  the  carriage  and  the  gun  pulled 
from  battery  by  hand  and  permitted  to  counter  recoil 
rapidly  to  insure  that  all  parts  are  in  proper  position 
for  firing.  This  should  never  he  done,  however,  unless 
the  cylinder  is  known  to  he  filled  with  oil.  In  reassem¬ 
bling  the  parts  the  condition  of  the  vulcanized-fiber 
washers  between  cylinder  heads  and  cylinder,  and 
cylinder-end  stud  and  cylinder  end  should  be  noted ; 
they  should  be  replaced  whenever  necessary  to  pre¬ 
vent  leakage.  In  removing  and  inserting  the  piston  rod 
care  should  be  taken  to  keep  it  central  in  the  cylinder, 
so  as  not  to  bind,  burr,  or  spring  any  parts.  The  dis¬ 
mounting  and  reassembling  of  the  parts  of  the  cylinder 
should  in  every  case  be  supervised  by  a  commissioned 
officer.  Before  firing  an  inspection  should  be  made  to 
ascertain  that  the  different  parts,  especially  the  piston 
rod  and  cylinder-end  stud  nuts,  are  correctly  assembled. 

The  recoil-cylinder  oil  should  be  stored  in  the  closed 
cans  provided  for  the  purpose,  and  be  carefully  pro¬ 
tected  from  dirt,  sand,  or  water.  Oil  withdrawn  from 
cylinders  and  containing  any  sediment  must  not  be 
used  again  until  it  has  been  allowed  to  settle  for  not  less 
than  24  hours.  When  sediment  has  thus  been  per¬ 
mitted  to  settle,  great  care  must  be  taken  not  to  dis¬ 
turb  it  in  removing  the  oil.  To  insure  the  cleanliness 
of  all  cylinder  oil  it  should  be  strained  through  a  clean 
piece  of  linen  or  muslin  before  using. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  79 


The  exterior  of  the  cylinder  should  be  kept  well 
oiled  and  free  from  rust  or  dirt,  and  an  inspection  made 
at  least  once  each  month  to  ascertain  its  condition. 
Where  rust  has  formed  it  should  be  removed  with  coal 
oil,  and,  if  necessary,  emery  cloth.  For  shipment  or 
storage,  or  where  the  carriage  is  to  stand  without  firing 
for  extended  periods,  the  cylinder  should  be  coated 
with  the  light  slushing  oil  used  for  the  bores  of  the 
guns. 

The  counter-recoil  springs  should  be  dismounted  at 
least  once  every  six  months  and  be  thoroughly  cleaned. 
All  rust  should  be  removed  and  the  springs  well  oiled 
before  reassembling.  When  the  springs  are  dismounted 
the  interior  of  the  cradle  should  be  cleaned  and  exam¬ 
ined  for  defective  riveting,  missing  rivet  heads,  and 
scoring.  The  condition  of  the  spring-support  guides 
should  be  noted  and  all  burrs  or  scores  carefully 
smoothed  ofif. 

The  recoil  guide  rails  of  the  cradle  should  be  kept 
well  lubricated.  Immediately  before  beginning  to  fire, 
they  should  be  oiled  through  all  the  oil  holes  of  the  gun 
and  dust  guard.  Lack  of  proper  lubrication  of  these 
guide  rails  is  the  most  frequent  cause  of  the  failure 
of  the  gun  to  return  fully  into  battery. 

The  contact  surfaces  between  cradle  and  rocker 
should  be  kept  clean,  thoroughly  oiled,  and  free  from 
rust.  If  indications  of  rusting,  cutting,  or  scoring  of 
these  surfaces  appear,  the  cradle  should  be  dismounted, 
the  rust  removed,  and  the  rough  spots  smoothed  away. 


80 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


The  elevating  and  traversing  mechanisms  should  be 
dismounted  at  least  once  every  six  months  for  thor¬ 
ough  cleaning  and  overhauling.  They  should  be  kept 
well  oiled  and  should  work  easily.  If  at  any  time  either 
mechanism  works  harder  than  usual,  it  should  be  im¬ 
mediately  overhauled  and  the  cause  discovered  and 
removed. 

In  traveling,  the  cradle  should  be  locked  to  the 
trail  by  means  of  the  elevating  and  traversing  lock,  so 
as  to  relieve  the  pointing  mechanisms  of  all  travel 
stresses. 

The  wheels  and  wheel  fastenings  should  be  dis¬ 
mounted  periodically  and  the  fastenings,  hub  boxes, 
axle  arms,  and  axle  bore  cleaned  and  examined.  All 
roughness  due  to  scoring  or  cutting  should  be  smoothed 
off. 

The  hollow  part  of  the  axle  acts  as  a  reservoir  for 
the  oil  to  lubricate  the  wheel  bearings.  Experience 
will  show  how  much  oil  is  needed,  but  enough  should 
be  used  to  insure  that  the  oil  will  pass  through  the  axle 
arms  to  the  hub  caps. 

The  nuts  on  the  hub  bolts  should  be  tightened 
monthly  during  the  first  year  of  service  and  twice  a 
year  thereafter.  The  ends  of  the  bolts  should  be 
lightly  riveted  over  to  prevent  the  nut  from  unscrew¬ 
ing.  When  the  hub  bolts  are  tightened,  the  hub  band 
should  be  screwed  as  tightly  as  possible  against  the 
lock  washer  at  the  outer  end  of  the  hub  ring. 

The  importance  of  strict  compliance  with  these 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  81 


instructions  cannot  be  overestimated.  The  wooden 
parts  of  the  wheels  are  made  of  thoroughly-seasoned 
materials,  and  the  hub  bolts  and  bands,  when  the  wheels 
are  issued,  are  properly  tightened ;  but  all  wood  is  sus¬ 
ceptible  to  change  with  atmospheric  conditions,  so  that 
the  spokes  speedily  become  loose,  and  if  the  wheel  is 
used  in  this  condition  it  will  rapidly  be  made  unservice¬ 
able  and  may  be  damaged  beyond  repair. 

172.  To  fill  the  cylinder:  Practically  all  damages  to 
the  rear  cradle  head  and  parts  of  cylinder  can  be  traced 
to  the  fact  that  the  cylinder  zvas  not  completely  filled  with 
oil.  For  that  reason  the  cylinder  should  be  filled  with 
the  greatest  care;  a  commissioned  officer  should  himself 
verify  that  the  cylinder  is  full  and  that  no  air  is  left  in  it. 

The  easiest  way  to  fill  a  cylinder  is  when  it  is  disassem¬ 
bled  from  the  carriage.  If  assembled  to  the  carriage; 
bring  the  gun  to  its  maximum  elevation  and  remove  both 
filling  and  drain  plugs.  It  is  necessary  that  the  drain- 
plug  hole  should  be  located  on  top  of  the  cylinder.  Fill 
through  either  hole.  Allow  a  fezu  minutes  for  the  air  to 
escape  and  the  oil  to  settle.  Refill  and  repeat  two  or  three 
times.  When  satisfied  that  the  cylinder  is  entirely  full 
of  oil ,  insert  both  plugs ,  and  depress  the  gun  to  its  maxi¬ 
mum  depression.  After  a  few  minutes  elevate  again  to 
maximum  elevation  and  unscrew  both  plugs.  Now  refill 
as  described  above.  When  entirely  fidl  allow  not  more 
than  2  cubic  inches  ( about  one- fourth  gill)  of  the  oil  to 
escape;  insert  both  plugs  and  lash  them  with  copper  wire. 

It  may  happen  that  after  firing  a  few  rounds  the 

6 


82  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


gun  will  not  return  to  battery.  This  may  be  due  to, 
first,  weakness  of  springs;  second,  stuffing-box  gland 
being  screwed  up  too  tightly;  or  third,  the  oil  having 
expanded,  due  to  heat. 

In  either  case  the  cause  must  be  ascertained  and 
remedied ;  if  due  to  expansion  of  oil  it  is  proven  by  the 
fact  that  the  gun  cannot  be  pushed  into  battery  by  force 
exerted  on  the  breech  of  the  gun.  In  that  case  elevate 
the  gun  to  its  maximum  elevation  and  remove  the  fill¬ 
ing  plug.  The  oil  will  now  escape,  permitting  the  gun 
to  return  to  battery. 

About  9  pints  of  oil  are  required  for  filling  the  recoil 
cylinder.  Hydroline  oil  of  a  specific  gravity  of  0.85 
is  furnished  by  the  Ordnance  Department  for  use  in 
these  cylinders ;  it  is  characterized  by  its  low  freezing 
point  and  by  its  noncorrosive  action  on  metals.  The 
oil  used  in  the  cylinder  should  be  clean  and  free  from 
grit  and  dirt ;  to  insure  this  it  should  be  strained  through 
a  clean  piece  of  linen  or  muslin  before  using.  In 
emergencies  water  may  be  used  in  the  cylinder.  This 
should  be  done  only  when  absolutely  necessary,  and 
never  in  freezing  weather,  and  as  soon  as  practicable 
the  cylinder  should  be  emptied,  cleaned,  and  thoroughly 
dried  and  filled  with  hydroline  oil. 

173.  To  dismount  the  springs:  Bring  the  gun  to 
approximately  zero  degrees  elevation;  unscrew  the 
cylinder-end  stud  nut  and  the  piston-rod  nut;  shove 
the  gun  about  5  inches  from  “in  battery”;  attach  the 
spring  compressor  to  the  cylinder-end  stud  and  put 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  83 


sufficient  strain  on  the  compressor  to  relieve  the  retain¬ 
ing  ring  from  spring  pressure ;  then  remove  retaining 
ring  (and  cradle  head)  by  loosening  and  swinging 
aside  the  retaining-ring  bolts;  ease  off  on  spring  com¬ 
pressor  until  the  springs  are  free. 

174.  To  assemble  springs:  Place  two  of  the  springs 
in  the  cradle,  the  third  one  on  the  cylinder  against  the 
spring  support;  attach  the  spring  compressor  to  the 
cylinder  and  pass  the  free  end  of  the  compressor  from 
front  to  rear  through  the  two  springs  in  the  cradle. 
Enter  the  rear  end  of  the  cylinder  in  the  spring  at  the 
front  end  of  the  cradle ;  put  sufficient  strain  upon  the 
compressor  to  bring  the  spring  column  down  to  its 
assembled  height.  As  the  spring  column  approaches 
its  assembled  height  the  spring  support  must  be  turned 
so  that  its  guide  lugs  properly  enter  in  the  spring- 
support  guide  grooves  in  the  cradle ;  the  rear  end  of 
the  cylinder  must  then  be  centered  so  as  to  enter  the  hole 
in  the  rear  end  of  the  cradle ;  assemble  the  retaining  ring. 
When  the  retaining  ring  is  assembled  the  nuts  for  the 
retaining  bolts  should  be  screwed  up  until  they  just  come 
into  contact  with  the  retaining  ring.  If  these  nuts  are 
screwed  up  too  tight  they  will  deform  the  retaining  ring, 
with  the  result  that  it  becomes  difficult  to  assemble  and 
dismount  the  cradle  head.  The  gun,  if  mounted,  should 
be  shoved  about  5  inches  from  battery  preliminary  to 
this  maneuver. 

A  wrench  is  provided  for  turning  the  spring  support 
to  its  proper  position. 


84 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


175.  The  cylinder-end  stud  should  never  be  removed 
when  the  gun  is  at  an  elevation,  and  the  gun  should 
not  be  elevated  when  the  cylinder-end  stud  nut-  is  not 
in  place.  To  prevent  the  cylinder-end  stud  from  rotat¬ 
ing,  a  small  screw  called  the  “screw  for  cylinder  end” 
holds  it  in  place.  This  screw  for  cylinder  end  must  he 
removed  before  attempting  to  unscrew  the  cylinder-end 
stud. 

176.  The  springs  are  assembled  under  an  initial  load 
of  over  500  pounds;  a  pull  of  more  than  500  pounds 
must  therefore  be  exerted  upon  the  spring  compressor 
in  assembling  them.  This  can  readily  be  done  by  pass¬ 
ing  a  handspike  through  a  loop  at  the  rear  end  of  the 
compressor  and  making  use  of  the  services  of  the  entire 
gun  crew. 

Steel  Collars. 

177.  Steel  collars  are  made  in  the  following  sizes: — 
2A,  2B,  4A,  4B,  5,  5A,  5B,  6,  6A,  6B,  7,  7A,  7B,  and  8A. 
The  A  and  B  shapes  have  straighter  sides  than  the 
5,  6,  or  7. 

There  are  seven  sizes  of  pad  connections  and  seven 
sizes  of  pads,  increasing  in  width  from  No.  0  to  No.  6. 

178.  The  horses  assignd  to  a  single  driver  are  called 
a  pair;  the  horse  on  the  left  side  is  called  the  near 
horse;  the  other  the  off  horse.  The  driver  rides  the 
near  horse 

The  pairs  assigned  to  the  traction  of  a  single  carriage 
are  termed  collectively  a  team.  A  team  usually  con¬ 
sists  of  not  less  than  three  pairs.  The  leading  pair 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


85 


is  called  the  lead  pair;  the  one  attached  to  the  carriage 
the  wheel  pair;  the  pair  between  these  two  the  swing 
pair.  When  there  are  two  pairs  between  the  lead  and 
wheel  pairs,  the  pair  next  behind  the  lead  pair  is  called 
the  lead  swing ;  the  other  the  wheel  swing  pair.  When 
there  are  five  pairs  the  one  between  the  lead  swing  and 
the  wheel  swing  is  called  the  middle  swing  pair. 

Disposition  of  the  Harness. 

179.  In  garrison. — The  harness  is  arranged  on  two 
pegs  on  the  heel  posts,  as  follows : 

On  the  upper  peg:  Both  bridles  hung  from  the  peg 
by  their  headstalls ;  the  traces  of  both  horses  hung  over 
the  peg  close  to  the  heel  post;  the  off  saddle  with  its 
attachments  over  the  seat ;  the  blanket  across  the 
saddle ;  both  collars,  unlocked,  over  the  blanket.  Pom¬ 
mel  of  saddle  is  placed  next  to  heel  post. 

On  the  lower  peg:  The  near  saddle  and  blanket 
arranged  as  prescribed  for  the  off  harness. 

The  neck  yoke,  with  martingales  attached,  is  hung 
from  a  spike  driven  into  the  side  of  the  heel  post. 

To  prevent  injury  to  the  off  saddle  when  the  blankets 
are  out  drying,  the  sack  is  put  over  the  harness  and 
the  collars  are  then  placed  across  the  sack. 

180.  In  the  field. — The  pole  prop  is  placed  under  the 
end  of  the  pole.  The  wheel  traces  are  detached  from 
the  collars  only  and  laid  back  on  the  footboards.  The 
remainder  of  the  harness  of  the  near-wheel  horse  is 
placed  on  the  pole  next  to  the  doubletree,  arranged  as 
follows:  The  saddle  with  its  attachments  over  it,  the 


86 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


blanket  across  the  saddle,  the  bridle  and  collar  over  the 
blanket.  The  remainder  of  the  off-wheel  harness  is 
placed  next,  then  the  swing,  and  lead  harness  in  the 
same  order.  The  traces  of  the  swing  and  lead  harness, 
folded  once,  are  placed  across  the  saddle.  The  neck 
yoke  is  placed  on  the  footboard. 

181.  To  avoid  striking,  frightening,  or  spoiling  the 
horses  the  men  are  impressed  with  the  necessity  of 
working  about  them  gently  and  quietly  and  of  handling 
the  harness  carefully. 

To  Harness. 

182.  The  harness  being  on  the  heel  posts,  the  in¬ 
structor  causes  the  men  to  stand  to  heel;  and  com¬ 
mands:  1.  By  detail,  2.  HARNESS. 

Collar. — At  this  command  each  driver  puts  on  and 
locks  the  collar  of  his  off  horse,  then  that  of  his  near 
horse.  To  avoid  pinching  and  clamping  a  portion  of  the 
skin  or  the  mane  between  the  collar  and  the  collar  pad, 
the  collar  is  placed  well  up  on  the  neck,  locked,  and 
then  lifted  gently  to  its  position  against  the  shoulders. 
By  stooping  down  and  looking  at  it,  the  driver  should 
satisfy  himself  that  the  buckle  latch  is  securely  locked. 

Saddle. — He  puts  on  the  blanket  of  the  off  horse, 
then  the  saddle  with  its  attachments,  taking  care  not  to 
displace  the  blanket;  buckles  the  collar  strap  to  the  sad¬ 
dle;  turns  back  the  back  strap  and,  in  the  case  of  wheel 
drivers,  the  breeching,  fastens  the  crupper  and  com¬ 
pletes  the  saddling.  He  then  saddles  the  near  horse  in 
like  manner. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  87 


Traces. — He  lays  the  middle  of  the  traces  of  the  off 
horse  over  the  horse’s  back,  behind  the  saddle,  toggles 
on  opposite  sides,  and,  beginning  with  the  off  trace, 
passes  the  toggles  through  the  trace  loops  from  the  rear 
and  attaches  them  to  the  hame  tugs  on  the  collar.  The 
traces  of  the  near  horse  are  then  attached  in  the  same 
manner.  The  rear  ends  of  the  traces  are  left  hanging 
over  the  backs  of  the  horses. 

When  the  horses  are  harnessed  for  drill  by  pair, 
the  traces,  at  the  direction  of  the  instructor,  are  either 
not  attached  or  are  toggled  up  by  passing  each  trace 
over  the  back  behind  the  saddle  and  slipping  the  ring  of 
the  trace  chain  over  the  toggle  which  attaches  the 
opposite  trace  to  the  hame  tug. 

Bridle. — He  bridles  first  the  off  horse,  passing  the 
reins  through  the  roller,  and  then  the  near  horse. 

Unless  otherwise  instructed,  the  halters  are  removed 
before  bridling. 

Couple. — He  turns  his  pair  about  so  as  to  face  the 
stable  driveway  and  attaches  the  hook  at  the  end  of 
the  coupling  rein  to  the  right  pommel  ring  of  the  near 
saddle.  He  then  stands  to  horse. 

Yoke. — The  wheel  driver  takes  down  the  neck  yoke  ; 
places  himself  between  his  horses,  facing  in  the  same 
direction  with  them ;  fastens  the  breast  strap  of  the  off 
horse,  then  that  of  the  near  horse ;  passes  the  martingale 
of  the  near  horse  between  the  forelegs,  through  the  stand¬ 
ing  loop  on  the  cincha;  attaches  the  hooks  at  the  end 
of  the  side  straps  to  the  martingale  D  ring ;  secures  the 


88 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


martingale  of  the  off  horse  in  the  same  manner;  then 
passes  out  in  rear  of  the  near  horse  and  stands  to  horse. 

183.  To  harness  without  detail:  HARNESS. 

To  Unharness. 

184.  1.  By  detail,  2.  UNHARNESS. 

Unyoke. — At  this  command  the  wheel  driver  passes 
between  his  horses  from  the  rear,  unhooks  the  martin¬ 
gale  of  his  near  horse,  and  draws  the  martingale  through 
the  standing  loop  on  the  cincha;  then  does  the  same 
with  respect  to  the  off  horse ;  unhooks  the  inside  end 
of  each  breast  strap,  detaches  the  neck  yoke,  and  hangs 
it  on  its  spike. 

Uncouple. — Each  driver  steps  in  front  of  his  pair 
and  uncouples.  If  the  horses  are  facing  the  stable  drive¬ 
way,  he  turns  them  about  to  face  the  manger. 

Unbridle. — He  unbridles  the  near  horse,  puts  the 
halter  on,  fastens  the  halter  to  the  manger,  and  hangs 
the  bridle  on  the  upper  peg  next  the  heel  post.  He  then 
unbridles  the  off  horse  in  like  manner. 

Traces  Off. — He  disengages  the  near  trace  of  the 
near  horse  and  lays  its  middle  over  the  saddle,  toggle 
on  the  near  side ;  disengages  the  off  trace  and  lays  it  beside 
the  near  trace,  toggle  on  the  off  side ;  removes  the  traces 
and  hangs  them  on  their  peg.  In  like  manner  he  re¬ 
moves  and  hangs  up  the  traces  of  the  off  horse. 

Unsaddle. — He  unfastens  the  crupper  of  the  near 
horse  and  places  the  attachments  in  the  saddle ;  unfast¬ 
ens  the  collar  strap  and  then  unsaddles  the  near  horse, 
placing  the  saddle  on  the  lower  peg.  He  removes 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


89 


the  blanket  from  the  near  horse  and  places  it  over  the 
saddle,  the  folded  edge  away  from  the  heel  post.  He 
then  unsaddles  the  off  horse  in  like  manner. 

Collar  Off. — He  removes  the  collar  of  the  near 
horse,  then  that  of  the  off  horse,  and  hangs  them  up, 
the  near  collar  next  to  the  post,  the  zinced  surfaces 
away  from  the  heel  post. 

185.  To  unharness  without  detail:  UNHARNESS. 

To  Harness  and  Unharness  in  the  Field. 

186.  Executed  as  in  garrison,  but  in  such  order  as 
to  suit  the  disposition  of  the  harness.  Thus,  the  order 
in  harnessing  is:  Collar,  bridle,  saddle,  traces,  couple, 
yoke.  In  unharnessing:  Unyoke,  uncouple,  traces  off, 
unsaddle,  unbridle,  collar  off. 

While  harnessing  or  unharnessing,  the  horses  are 
ordinarily  tied  by  their  halters  to  tlieir  carriages,  as 
follows :  The  lead  pair  to  the  right  wheel  of  the  gun  or 
caisson  or  to  the  end  of  the  pole;  the  swing  or  lead  swing 
pair  to  the  right  wheel  of  the  limber ;  the  wheel  pair  to  the 
left  wheel  of  the  limber;  and  the  wheel  swing  pair,  if 
present,  to  the  left  wheel  of  the  gun  or  caisson. 

In  harnessing  or  unharnessing  by  detail,  drivers 
stand  to  heel  after  completing  each  detail  of  the 
instruction. 

Adjustment  and  Fitting  of  Harness. 

187.  Drivers  will  be  thoroughly  impressed  with  the 
importance  of  bestowing  constant  and  unremitting 
attention  on  the  adjustment  and  fitting  of  their  harness. 


90  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


They  must  learn  early  that  a  horse  cannot  properly  per¬ 
form  his  work  unless  he  is  made  comfortable  in  well- 
fitted  harness.  If  the  harness  pinches,  galls,  or  other¬ 
wise  causes  him  discomfort,  his  sole  idea  will  be  to 
escape  from  the  annoyance  or  pain  thereby  occasioned 
him,  and  he  will  become  fretful,  nervous,  and  unsteady 
in  his  work.  This  will  not  only  add  to  his  own  distress, 
through  a  useless  expenditure  of  strength  and  nervous 
energy,  but  by  rendering  the  draft  of  the  whole  team 
unsteady  it  will  needlessly  increase  the  work  and  fatigue 
of  the  other  horses. 

188.  Drivers  must  be  made  to  appreciate  the  fact 
that  every  sore,  every  injury,  every  abrasion  of  the 
skin,  is  due  to  a  certain  definite  cause  which,  if  removed, 
can  produce  no  further  effect.  If  ill-fitting  harness  has 
escaped  the  notice  of  a  driver  while  his  horses  were  at 
work,  any  injury  caused  thereby  must  not  escape  his 
notice  at  the  next  stables.  Failure  to  discover  and  re¬ 
port  such  injury  at  once  to  the  instructor  or  to  the  chief 
of  section  is  a  neglect  calling  for  disciplinary  correction. 

189.  Injuries  due  to  the  harness  must  be  discovered 
in  their  very  beginning  and  at  once  reported  to  the 
officer  in  charge  of  the  horses.  That  officer  then  per¬ 
forms  his  duty  unsatisfactorily  if  he  lacks  ingenuity  and 
skill  to  modify  or  correct  the  fit  of  the  harness  so  as  to 
remove  the  cause  of  the  injury. 

190.  It  is  only  by  constant  attention  on  the  part 
of  all  concerned — drivers,  chiefs  of  section,  chiefs  of 
platoon,  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  horses,  and  the  cap- 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  91 


tain — that  the  animals  of  a  battery  can  be  kept  up  to 
their  work,  without  more  or  less  prolonged  periods  of 
enforced  idleness  due  to  harness  injuries. 

191.  The  bridle  and  saddle  are  fitted  as  prescribed  in 
paragraphs  230  and  234  D.  and  S.  R.  F.  A. 

The  collar  should  fit  about  the  horse’s  shoulders  and 
neck  easily  and  uniformly.  It  should  freely  admit  the 
thickness  of  the  hand  between  the  lower  part  of  the 
collar  and  the  throat  and,  when  pulled  to  one  side, 
should  admit  the  thickness  of  the  fingers  between  the 
sides  of  the  collar  and  the  neck.  A  short  collar  chokes 
a  horse  by  pressing  on  the  windpipe ;  a  narrow  one 
pinches  and  rubs  the  neck.  A  broad  collar  works  about 
and  galls  the  shoulders.  More  injuries  result  from 
collars  that  are  too  large  than  from  collars  that  are 
too  small. 

The  final  test  of  the  fit  of  a  collar  is  to  observe  it 
carefully  when  the  horse  is  in  draft  and,  at  halts,  to 
notice  what  effect  it  is  having  on  his  shoulders. 

After  a  collar  has  been  properly  fitted  to  a  horse  it 
should  be  marked  with  his  battery  number.  This  is 
conveniently  done  by  painting  the  number  just  above 
the  left  draft  spring  on  the  inside  of  the  collar. 

The  back  strap,  when  adjusted,  should  admit  the 
breadth  of  the  hand  between  it  and  the  horse’s  back. 
If  too  short,  the  crupper  will  cut  the  tail  and  the  saddle 
will  be  displaced. 

The  collar  strap  should  not  be  tight;  otherwise  it 
will  pull  the  saddle  forward  on  the  withers. 


92  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


The  surcingle,  when  used,  should  be  buckled  on  the 
near  side  of  the  near  horse  and  on  the  off  side  of  the 
off  horse,  less  tight  than  the  girth  and  over  it. 

The  hip  straps  should  be  so  adjusted  as  to  enable 
the  breeching  body  to  bear  flat  against  the  thighs  and 
to  rest  from  12  to  15  inches  below  the  dock.  If  this 
strap  hangs  too  low,  the  action  of  the  horse,  when  set 
into  the  breeching,  will  be  interfered  with ;  if  it  hangs 
too  high,  the  side  straps  will  rub  the  stifle. 

The  side  straps  are  adjusted  to  cause  the  breeching 
body  to  bear  quickly  should  the  horse  be  required  to 
check  the  carriage,  but  not  so  short  as  to  impede  the 
animal’s  movements  while  in  draft.  The  exact  adjust¬ 
ment  can  be  obtained  only  by  watching  the  horse  in 
draft,  both  up  and  down  grade. 

The  martingale  is  fastened  by  its  cincha  strap  to  the 
neck  yoke.  The  length  of  this  fastening  should  be  such 
as  to  permit  the  D  ring  and  D  ring  safe  on  the  mar¬ 
tingale  to  be  well  through  the  standing  loop  on  the 
cincha,  thus  avoiding  catching  and  interfering  with  the 
latter  when  the  horse  is  set  into  the  breeching.  The 
martingale  must  be  kept  smooth  and  soft  or  it  will 
chafe  the  inner  sides  of  the  legs  and  rub  the  belly. 

The  breast  straps  should  support  the  pole  in  a  hori¬ 
zontal  position.  If  the  pole  is  too  low,  the  effort  of 
supporting  it  is  increased ;  if  too  high,  the  martingale 
and  neck  yoke  may  rub  the  breast. 

The  loin  straps  should  be  adjusted  so  that  the  traces, 
when  in  draft,  will  be  straight  and  without  downward 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  93 


pull  on  the  trace  loops.  Otherwise,  galls  on  the  back 
will  result. 

The  traces. — The  length  of  the  lead  and  swing 
traces  must  depend  in  a  great  measure  on  the  size  of 
the  horse  and  his  stride.  The  rule  for  lead  and  swing 
pairs  is  to  allow  about  1  yard  from  head  to  point  of  but¬ 
tocks  when  in  draft.  The  length  of  the  wheel  trace  is 
fixed,  but  allowance  may  be  made  for  difference  in  the 
size  of  the  horses  by  proper  adjustment  of  the  martin¬ 
gale  and  side  straps.  This  will  allow  a  minimum  dis¬ 
tance  of  about  14  inches  between  hind  quarters  and 
singletree  for  the  average  wheel  horse  when  in  draft. 
The  traces  should  be  adjusted  by  a  strap  under  the 
belly  or  one  over  the  saddle  so  that  their  direction  shall 
be  as  nearly  normal  to  the  shoulders  as  possible  to 
avoid  any  downward  or  upward  pull  on  the  collar. 
A  downward  pull  on  the  collar  will  tend  to  gall  or  injure 
the  neck,  while  an  upward  pull  on  it  will  tend  to  make 
it  rise  and  choke  the  horse. 

The  rear  trace  chains  of  the  lead  and  swing  traces 
have  a  ring  at  one  end  and  a  hook  at  the  other;  the 
hook  is  passed  through  a  “D”  ring  at  the  end  of  the 
trace  and  hooked  back  into  any  desired  link.  By  this 
means  the  length  of  the  lead  and  swing  traces  may  be 
adjusted.  Care  must  be  exercised  that  the  traces  be¬ 
longing  to  any  one  horse  are  of  even  length. 

The  coupling  rein  should  be  so  adjusted  as  to  per¬ 
mit  the  off  horse  properly  to  maintain  his  trace  and  yet 
to  hold  him  to  his  place  in  the  team. 

Breast  collar. — The  breast  collar  should  be  adjusted 
as  high  up  as  possible  without  choking  the  horse. 


94  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


Care  and  Cleaning  of  Harness  and  Leather  Equipment. 

192.  Two  agents  are  essential  to  the  proper  care  of 
leather  equipment — a  cleaning  agent  and  an  oiling 
agent.  The  cleaning  agent  is  castile  soap ;  the  oiling 
agents  are  neat’s-foot  oil  and  harness  soap. 

193.  The  castile  soap  is  a  commercial  article  con¬ 
taining  3  per  cent,  of  sodium  carbonate  (lye),  which  is 
necessary  to  give  it  the  required  cleaning  power.  Its 
action,  however,  is  merely  to  free  the  leather  from  the 
dirt,  sweat,  and  other  matter  which  normally  accumu¬ 
late  on  it  in  the  surface  pores  of  the  leather. 

194.  The  neat’s-foot  oil,  which  has  been  found  by 
long  experience  to  be  the  most  satisfactory  for  this 
purpose,  penetrates  the  pores  and  saturates  the  fibers, 
making  them  pliable  and  elastic.  Dry  leather  is  brit¬ 
tle  ;  leather  oiled  excessively  will  soil  the  clothing  and 
accumulate  dirt.  The  condition  to  be  desired  is  leather 
saturated  with  sufficient  oil  to  be  soft  and  pliable,  with¬ 
out  excess  sufficient  to  cause  it  to  exude. 

195.  In  washing  with  any  alkaline  soap,  it  is  im¬ 
possible  to  prevent  the  removal  of  the  surface  oil.  This 
leaves  the  surface  hard  and  dry  and  liable  to  crack.  It 
is  difficult  to  replace  this  surface  oil  by  a  direct  appli¬ 
cation  without  applying  an  excess.  This  has  led  to 
the  development  of  various  saddle  and  harness  soaps 
with  a  view  to  obtaining  a  soft  pleasing  finish.  Most 
of  these  contain  more  or  less  neutral  oil,  which  replaces 
the  surface  oil  removed  in  washing. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  95 


196.  Daily,  or  as  often  as  used,  the  equipment  should 
be  wiped  off  with  a  cloth  slightly  dampened  in  water, 
merely  to  remove  mud,  dust,  or  other  foreign  sub¬ 
stances.  It  should  never  be  cleaned  by  immersing  it 
in  water  or  holding  it  under  a  hydrant.  This  daily  care 
will  do  much  to  maintain  the  appearance  of  the  equip¬ 
ment,  but  is,  however,  insufficient  of  itself  to  properly 
preserve  it.  At  intervals  of  from  one  to  four  weeks, 
depending  upon  circumstances,  it  is  essential  that  the 
equipment  be  thoroughly  cleaned  in  accordance  with 
the  following  general  instructions : 

197.  (a)  Separate  all  parts,  unbuckle  straps,  re¬ 
move  all  buckles,  loops,  etc.,  where  possible. 

( b )  Wipe  off  all  surface  dust  and  mud  with  a  damp 
(not  wet)  sponge.  After  rinsing  out  the  sponge,  a 
lather  is  made  by  moistening  the  sponge  in  clear  water, 
squeezing  it  out  until  nearly  dry,  and  rubbing  it  vigor¬ 
ously  upon  castile  soap.  When  a  thick,  creamy  lather 
is  obtained,  thoroughly  clean  each  piece  of  the  equip¬ 
ment  without  neglecting  any  portion.  Each  strap 
should  be  drawn  its  full  length  through  the  lathered 
sponge  so  as  to  actually  remove  the  salt,  sweat,  and 
dirt  from  each  leather  piece. 

(c)  After  again  rinsing  the  sponge,  make  a  thick 
lather  with  the  saddle  soap  as  described  above.  Go  over 
each  separate  piece,  thoroughly  working  the  lather  well 
into  every  part  of  the  equipment,  remembering  that  its 
action  is  that  of  a  dressing. 

( d )  After  the  leather  has  been  allowed  to  become  par- 


96  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


tially  dry,  it  should  be  rubed  vigorously  with  a  soft  cloth 
to  give  it  the  neat,  healthy  appearance  that  is  desired. 

198.  If  the  leather  is  soft  and  pliable  nothing  further 
is  required.  It  will  be  found,  however,  that  it  will  be 
necessary  from  time  to  time  to  apply  a  little  oil.  It  is 
not  practicable,  owing  to  different  conditions  of  climate 
and  service,  to  prescribe  definitely  the  frequency  of 
oiling.  It  has  been  found  that  during  the  first  few 
months  of  use  a  set  of  new  equipment  should  be  given 
at  least  two  applications  of  oil  per  month.  Thereafter, 
it  is  entirely  a  matter  of  judgment,  as  indicated  by  the 
appearance  and  pliability  of  the  leather.  Frequent  light 
applications  are  of  more  value  than  infrequent  heavy 
applications. 

199.  Before  using,  perfectly  new  equipment  should 
in  all  cases  be  given  a  light  application  of  neat’s-foot  oil ; 
soap  is  unnecessary,  because  the  equipment  is  clean. 

200.  How  to  oil  leather  equipment. — The  quantity 
of  oil,  also,  cannot  be  definitely  prescribed,  but  it  should 
rarely  exceed  a  coverful  of  the  individual  soap  box 
(1  ounce)  for  each  set  of  horse  equipment,  or  2  ounces 
for  each  set  of  artillery  harness.  In  applying  the  oil 
the  following  general  instructions  should  govern. 

(a)  The  oil  should  be  applied  to  the  flesh  side  of  the 
equipment  where  practicable  when  the  leather  is  clean 
and  still  damp  after  washing  (about  dry). 

(b)  The  oil  should  be  applied  with  an  oiled  rag 
or  cotton  waste  by  long,  light,  quick  strokes — light 
strokes  that  the  pressure  applied  may  not  squeeze  out 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


97 


the  excess  of  oil,  quick  strokes  that  the  leather  may  not 
absorb  an  undue  amount  of  oil.  The  endeavor  should 
be  made  to  obtain  a  light,  even  distribution. 

( c )  After  applying  the  oil,  the  leather  equipment 
should  be  allowed  to  stand  for  24  hours,  if  practicable, 
in  a  warm,  dry  place.  It  should  then  be  rubbed  with  a 
dry  cloth  to  remove  any  unabsorbed  oil. 

201.  Reason  for  oiling. — The  principle  prompting 
the  instructions  given  in  (a)  above  is  that  the  oil  pene¬ 
trates  more  uniformly  when  applied  from  the  flesh  side, 
while  if  the  leather  is  dry  it  will  absorb  the  oil  like 
blotting  paper,  preventing  proper  distribution.  The 
presence  of  moisture  which  tends  to  retard  the  pene¬ 
tration  of  the  oil  makes  it  desirable  to  oil  the  leather 
while  still  moist  from  washing.  The  more  moist  the 
leather  when  oiled  the  lighter  the  application  that  can  be 
given ;  any  equipment  should  be  moistened,  as  in  wash¬ 
ing,  before  oiling. 

202.  An  additional  reason  for  consistent  washing 
and  oiling  lies  in  the  fact  that  practically  all  leather  con¬ 
tains  at  least  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent,  of  sulphuric  acid 
acquired  as  a  normal  product  of  tannage.  This  acid, 
which  if  excessive  will  in  time  rot  the  leather,  is  neu¬ 
tralized  by  the  alkali  of  the  castile  soap  and  to  a  less 
degree  by  the  oil. 

203.  To  summarize  certain  particular  facts  with  a 
view  to  emphasizing  them : — 

(a)  Keep  leather  clean, 

7 


98  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 

( b )  Keep  leather  pliable  by  frequent  light  applica¬ 
tions  of  oil. 

( c )  Use  only  materials  furnished  by  the  Ordnance 
Department.  Shoe  polishes,  etc.,  are  almost  invariably 
injurious. 

( d )  Dry  all  leather  wet  from  whatever  cause  in  the 
shade.  Never  in  the  sun  or  close  to  a  steam  radiator, 
furnace  or  boiler. 

( e )  Leather  should  habitually  be  stored  in  a  cool, 
dry  place  without  artificial  heat. 

204.  In  active  campaign  or  on  the  march  little  pro¬ 
tection  can  be  given  equipment.  But  at  all  times  advan¬ 
tage  should  be  taken  of  such  opportunities  as  the 
situation  affords,  to  first  get  the  equipment  out  of  the 
mud  and  then  to  protect  it  from  rain  and  heat.  This 
is  accomplished  by  arranging  the  harness  and  saddle 
equipment  on  the  pole  and  other  parts  of  the  carriage 
as  prescribed  in  the  Drill  Regulations  for  Field  Artil¬ 
lery,  care  being  taken  that  no  part  of  the  equipment  is 
dragging  on  the  ground.  All  the  equipment  is  then 
covered  by  the  paulins  for  protection  from  the  ele¬ 
ments.  Racks  may  be  improvised  with  forked  sticks 
and  crossbar  or  advantage  taken  of  a  neighboring  fence. 

Cleaning  Bits  and  Collars. 

205.  In  cleaning  such  things  as  bits  and  the  zinc- 
lined  metal  parts  of  the  steel  collar,  no  more  force 
should  be  used  than  is  necessary  to  remove  such  dirt, 
etc.,  as  may  have  collected,  which  should  first  be  soft- 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


99 


ened  by  oil  or  water  and  then  washed  with  a  sponge, 
using  Lavaline  or  Gibson’s  Soap  Polish.  In  no  case 
should  emery  or  other  abrasive  be  used.  Whenever 
this  zinc  lining  is  worn  through,  this  fact  should  be 
at  once  reported  and  the  worn  collar  replaced  by  a  good 
collar,  otherwise  there  is  danger  of  abrasions  of  the 
horse’s  shoulder  and  of  collar  galls. 

Care  and  Cleaning  of  Saddle  Blankets. 

206.  Saddle  blankets  should  be  opened,  shaken,  aired 
and  refolded  every  week.  If  the  same  surfaces  and 
folds  are  constantly  exposed  to  wear,  the  blanket  will 
soon  be  in  an  unserviceable  condition. 

Depending  upon  conditions  of  weather  and  service, 
saddle  blankets  should  be  washed  with  H.  &  H.  Soap, 
aired  and  dried,  and  then  refolded  about  two  to  three 
times  a  year. 

Field  and  Surplus  Kits. 

207.  The  field  kit  consists  of  the  arms,  personal  and 
horse  equipments  and  clothing,  additional  to  that  worn 
on  the  person,  required  by  and  prescribed  for  the  soldier 
in  the  field. 

The  articles  comprising  the  kit  vary  with  the  duties 
of  the  men  and  are  furnished  by  the  Ordnance  Depart¬ 
ment,  the  Quartermaster  Corps,  and  Medical  Depart¬ 
ment. 

208.  The  field  kit  for  individually  mounted  men 
consists  of  and  is  carried  as  shown  below. 


100  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


Ordnance  Property. 

(a)  Personal  Equipment . 


Articles. 

1  can,  bacon  . . 

1  canteen  . 

1  canteen  cover 
1  cup 
1  fork 

1  knife  f-  Mess  kit 
1  spoon 
1  meat  can 
1  pistol,  belt,  holster,  magazine 

pockets,  2  extra  magazines, 

21  cartridges  . 

1  pouch  for  first-aid  packet  . . 


Where  carried. 

Near  saddle  pocket. 

Near  cantle  ring. 

On  canteen. 

On  canteen,  under  cover. 

Near  saddle  pocket. 

Near  saddle  pocket. 

Near  saddle  pocket. 

Near  saddle  pocket. 

On  person,  belt  outside  all  cloth¬ 
ing,  pistol  on  right  hip,  first- 
aid  packet  on  left  of  and 
toward  front  of  belt,  magazine 
pocket  in  front  of  first-aid 
packet. 


On  person,  buckles  outside. 


1  spurs,  pair  . \ 

1  spur  straps,  pair . i 

( b )  Horse  Equipment. 

1  bridle  . On  horse. 

1  halter  headstall  . On  horse. 

1  halter  tie  rope . On  halter,  free  end  secured  in 

rear  pommel  ring. 

1  link . On  bridle,  free  end  snapped  up. 

1  saddle  blanket . On  horse. 

1  saddle  . On  horse. 

1  saddlebags,  pair  . On  saddle,  the  saddlebag  straps 

passed  through  the  cincha  rings 
and  drawn  tight  before  fast¬ 
ening. 

1  surcingle  . Over  saddle,  buckled  on  near 

side. 

1  horse0 brush  }GroominS  kit-. Off  saddle  pocket. 

1  feed  bag  . On  saddle. 

1  grain  bag  . In  feed  bag. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  101 


Quartermaster  Property. 


(r)  Equipment. 

Articles.  Where  carried. 


1  identification  tag  . Slung  around  neck  by  tape. 

5  pins,  tent,  shelter  \  Tn  Manl^t  mil 

1  pole,  tent,  shelter  j  . ln  blanket  roli- 

1  tent,  shelter,  half,  mounted . . .  Around  and  forming  part 

blanket  roll. 


of 


( d )  Clothing  Component. 


1  blanket  . In  blanket  roll. 

I  slicker  . Rolled  and  strapped  to  pommel 

of  saddle. 

1  towel  . Off  saddle  pocket,  outside  can¬ 

vas  lining. 

1  comb 

1  soap,  cake  . Wrapped  in  towel. 

1  toothbrush  , 

1  drawers,  pair  j 

2  stockings,  pairs  [•  .  In  blanket  roll. 


1  undershirt  J 

( e )  Rations. 

2  reserve  rations,  each  consist¬ 
ing  of — 

12  ounces  bacon  . In  bacon  can. 

16  ounces  hard  bread . Divided  between  saddle  pockets. 

1.12  ounces  coffee,  R.  &  G.  .In  coffee  bag  of  saddlebags,  in 

near  pocket. 

2.4  ounces  sugar  . In  sugar  bag  of  saddlebags,  in 

near  pocket. 

0.16  ounce  salt  . In  salt  bags  of  saddlebags,  in 

near  pocket. 

(/)  Forage. 

1  feed,  4  pounds  of  grain . In  grain  bag. 

(g)  Medical  Property. 

1  first-aid  packet  . .  In  pouch  on  belt. 

209.  When  the  sweater  is  carried  and  is  not  worn 


on  the  person  it  is  placed  in  the  blanket  roll..  When 


102  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


the  overcoat  is  carried  and  is  not  worn  it  is  rolled  and 
strapped  on  the  pommel  of  the  saddle. 

210.  To  roll  the  overcoat  or  slicker. — Spread  the 
overcoat  on  the  ground,  inside  down,  skirt  buttoned 
throughout,  sleeves  parallel  to  the  middle  seam,  collar 
turned  over  on  the  shoulders. 

Turn  the  tails  of  the  coat  under  about  9  inches,  the 
folded  edge  perpendicular  to  the  back  seam.  Fold  over 
the  sides  to  form  a  rectangle  not  more  than  34  inches 
across,  according  to  the  size  of  the  coat.  Roll  tightly 
from  the  collar  with  the  hands  and  knees,  and  bring 
over  the  whole  roll  that  part  of  the  skirt  which  was 
turned  under,  thus  binding  the  roll. 

The  slicker  is  rolled  in  a  similar  manner. 

211.  To  make  the  blanket  roll  for  mounted  men. — 

Spread  the  shelter  half  (model  1904)  on  the  ground, 
roll  straps  underneath,  and  fold  over  the  triangular 
part  of  the  rectangular  part.  Turn  under  the  roll  strap 
edge  of  the  shelter  half  so  that  the  width  of  the  fold 
will  be  8  inches.  Fold  the  blanket  once  across  the 
longer  edges  and  lay  the  blanket  on  the  shelter  half, 
folded  edge  within  1  inch  of  the  roll  strap  edge  of  the 
shelter  half.  Fold  the  sides  of  the  blanket  and  of  the 
shelter  half  inward,  width  of  folds  about  11  inches. 
The  shelter  tent  pole  and  pins  are  now  laid  on  the 
blanket  at  the  edge  farthest  from  the  roll  strap  edge, 
pole  on  one  side  of  the  center  line,  pins  on  the  other, 
so  as  to  allow  the  roll  when  completed  to  bend  at  the 
center.  Place  the  underclothing  on  the  blanket.  If 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  103 


the  sweater  is  to  go  in  the  roll,  spread  it  smoothly  over 
the  blanket. 

Roll  tightly  toward  the  roll  strap  edge,  using  hands 
and  knees,  and  bring  over  the  entire  roll  the  part  of  the 
shelter  half  which  was  turned  under,  thus  binding  the 
roll.  Buckle  the  two  available  roll  straps  about  the  roll, 
passing  them  around  twice.  The  roll  thus  formed 
should  be  about  44  inches  long. 

212.  To  pack  the  feed  bag  for  individually  mounted 
men. — The  grain  is  placed  in  the  grain  sack  and  equally 
divided  between  the  two  halves.  The  elongated  grain 
sack  is  then  placed  inside  the  feed  bag  and  the  whole 
lashed  tightly  to  the  blanket  roll  by  the  web  straps  at 
each  end  of  the  feed  bag,  so  that  the  open  part  of  the 
feed  bag  is  closed  against  the  blanket  roll.  If  empty, 
the  feed  bag,  with  grain  sack  enclosed  and  all  web 
straps  buried  in  the  bag,  is  lashed  to  the  blanket  roll 
by  the  coat  straps. 

To  pack  the  blanket  roll  with  the  attached  feed  bag, 
three  coat  straps  are  used,  one  to  fasten  the  middle  of 
the  roll  to  the  middle  of  the  cantle  of  the  saddle,  and 
one  at  each  end  to  fasten  the  end  of  the  roll  to  the 
saddlebag  strap  ring.  The  blanket  roll  is  placed  on 
the  cantle  so  that  the  feed  bag  will  be  uppermost.  The 
coat  straps  are  passed  twice  around  the  roll  and 
buckled. 

213.  The  equipment  of  each  driver  is  the  same  as 
for  individually  mounted  men  with  the  exception  of 
horse  equipment  and  grain. 


104  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


The  driver’s  horse  equipment  consists  of  1  horse 
brush,  1  currycomb,  2  feed  bags,  2  grain  bags,  and  2 
surcingles.  Each  driver  carries  a  feed  of  grain  for  each 
horse.  Halters,  saddlebags,  saddle  blankets,  etc.,  are 
included  in  the  harness. 

214.  The  driver’s  canteen  is  snapped  in  the  near 
pommel  ring  of  the  off  saddle.  His  saddlebags,  blanket 
roll,  feed  bags,  slicker,  etc.,  are  likewise  packed  on  the 
off  saddle.  After  attaching  his  slicker  the  driver  turns 
the  top  of  the  roll  over  the  pommel  down  into  the  sad¬ 
dle  so  as  to  avoid  any  interference  with  the  rein  roller 
on  the  off  saddle. 

215.  To  pack  the  driver’s  blanket  roll  and  feed 

bags. — The  grain  is  placed  in  the  grain  sacks  and  each 
sack  placed  in  its  feed  bag.  The  two  feed  bags  are 
tied  securely  together  at  their  open  ends,  using  the 
“nose  and  head”  web  straps,  the  two  bags  being  tied 
as  closely  as  possible  to  prevent  the  lower  ends  chafing 
against  the  traces.  The  two  feed  bags  are  then  sus¬ 
pended  across  the  seat  of  the  saddle  of  the  off  horse  and 
lashed  in  place  by  the  60-inch  coat  straps  on  each  side, 
as  follows : 

Pass  the  coat  strap  under  the  rear  quarter  strap  and 
take  one  turn  around  the  nose  bag,  if  necessary  punch¬ 
ing  a  “throat”  into  the  bag  near  the  lower  end  to  pre¬ 
vent  the  coat  strap  slipping.  The  blanket  roll  being 
lashed  to  the  center  of  the  cantle,  bring  the  free  end  of 
the  roll  forward  so  as  to  bind  over  the  feed  bag  and  take 
two  turns  around  the  end  of  the  blanket  roll  with  the 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  105 


coat  strap.  Then  pass  the  free  end  of  this  strap  over 
the  straps  thus  in  place  and  buckle  tightly.  Do  the 
same  on  the  other  side. 

If  more  than  one  feed  is  to  be  carried,  place  the  grain 
for  the  first  feed  in  the  closed  end  of  the  feed  bag  and 
lash  the  feed  bag  tightly  with  the  rawhide  thong.  Put 
the  remainder  of  the  grain  in  the  grain  sack,  and  place 
the  grain  sack  in  the  feed  bag ;  secure  the  two1  feed  bags 
to  the  off  saddle  as  above. 

The  surcingles  are  carried  one  on  each  horse,  buckled 
over  the  saddle. 

With  the  exceptions  noted,  all  articles  of  the  driver’s 
equipment  are  packed  and  carried  in  a  manner  similar 
to  that  described  for  individually  mounted  men. 

216.  In  addition  to  the  kits  above  prescribed,  each 
corporal  is  provided  with  a  housewife  which  he  will 
carry  in  his  haversack  or  off  saddle  pocket. 

The  members  of  the  special  details  and  of  the  head¬ 
quarters  company  are  provided  with  various  equipment 
which  they  carry  on  their  persons.  The  field  glasses 
will  be  carried  on  the  right  side,  the  flag  'kit  on  the 
back,  the  strap  in  each  case  passing  over  the  left 
shoulder. 

An  agent  while  on  duty  as  such  will  wear  on  the 
right  forearm  a  red  brassard.  Brassards  are  furnished 
by  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

217.  The  field  kit  for  cannoneers  and  all  men  not 
mounted,  including  Nos.  8  trained  as  spare  drivers, 
consists  of  and  is  carried  as  shown  below : 


IOC  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


Ordnance  Property. 

(a)  Personal  Equipment. 

Articles.  Where  carried. 

1  can,  bacon  \  Tn  j nav#,r«nrir 

I  can,  condiment  / . An  haversack- 

II  canteen  . On  right  rear  of  pistol  belt. 

1  canteen  cover  . On  canteen. 


1  cup 
1  fork 
1  knife 
1  spoon 
1  meat  can 
1  pistol,  belt,  holster, 
magazine  pocket,  2 
extra  magazines,  21 
cartridges. 

1  pouch  for  first-aid 
packet 


f  On  canteen  cover. 
In  haversack. 

Mess  kit  .  In  haversack. 

In  haversack. 


In  haversack. 

On  person,  belt  outside  all  cloth¬ 
ing  on  right  hip,  first-aid 
packet  on  left  of  and  toward 
front  of  belt,  magazine  pocket 
in  front  of  first-aid  packet. 


1  haversack  . On  person . 

Quartermaster  Property. 

(c)  Equipment. 

1  identification  tag  . Slung  around  neck  by  tape. 

1515^} . i"  «■»**«*• 

1  tent,  shelter,  half  mounted  ..Around  and  forming  part  of  the 

blanket  roll. 

1  blanket  . In  blanket  roll. 

1  slicker  . • .  Folded  and  placed  between  folds 

of  one  of  paulins  of  carriages 
on  which  soldier  rides. 

1  towel  . In  haversack. 

1  comb 

1  soap,  cake  •  . Wrapped  in  towel. 

1  toothbrush  i 

1  drawers,  pair 

2  stockings,  pair 
1  undershirt 


In  blanket  roll. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  107 


( e )  Rations. 

Articles.  Where  carried. 

2  reserve  rations,  each  consist¬ 
ing  of — 

12  ounces  bacon  . In  bacon  can. 

16  ounces  hard  bread  . In  haversack. 

1.12  ounces  coffee,  R.  &  G.  1 

2.4  ounces  sugar  j-  In  condiment  can. 

0.16  ounce  salt  j 

(g)  Medical  Property. 

1  first-aid  packet  . In  pouch  on  belt. 

218.  The  remarks  made  with  reference  to  the 
sweater  and  the  overcoat  in  the  case  of  mounted  men 
(208)  apply  to  cannoneers  except  that  when  the  over¬ 
coat  is  carried,  and  not  worn  by  the  cannoneer,  it  is 
folded  and  placed  between  the  folds  of  a  paulin  on  a 
carriage  of  the  section  to  which  the  cannoneer  is 
assigned. 

219.  When  the  old  model  haversack  and  canteen 
are  issued  the  personal  equipment  of  men  not  mounted 
is  increased  by  two  canteen  haversack  straps.  Such 
haversacks  are  slung  from  the  right  shoulder  to  the  left 
side.  The  canteen  is  slung  from  the  left  shoulder  to 
the  right  side,  the  strap  passing  over  that  of  the  haver¬ 
sack.  Both  ends  of  the  haversack  strap  and  the  rear 
end  of  the  canteen  strap  pass  under  the  pistol  belt. 

When  the  old  model  canteen  and  cup  are  issued  the 
cup  is  carried  in  the  near  saddle  pocket  by  mounted 
men  and  in  the  haversack  by  men  not  mounted. 

220.  To  make  the  blanket  roll  for  men  not  mounted. 

— Lay  the  shelter  half  on  the  ground  and  fold  over  the 
triangular  part. 


108  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


Hold  the  blanket  up  by  two  corners,  the  shorter 
edges  vertical;  bring  the  two  corners  together,  thus 
folding  the  blanket  in  the  middle ;  take  the  folded  cor¬ 
ner  between  the  thumb  and  forefinger  of  the  right 
hand,  thumb  pointing  to  the  left ;  slip  the  left  hand  down 
the  folded  edge  two-thirds  of  its  length  and  seize  it 
with  the  thumb  and  second  finger;  raise  the  hands  to 
the  height  of  the  shoulder,  the  blanket  extending  be¬ 
tween  them ;  bring  the  hands  together,  the  double  fold 
falling  outward ;  pass  the  folded  corner  from  the  right 
hand  into  the  left  hand,  between  the  thumb  and  fore¬ 
finger  ;  slip  the  second  finger  of  the  right  hand  between 
the  folds,  seize  the  double  folded  corner;  turn  the  left 
(disengaged)  corner  in,  and  seize  it  with  the  thumb 
and  forefinger  of  the  right  hand,  the  second  finger  of 
the  right  hand  stretching  and  evening  the  folds.  The 
blanket  is  now  folded  in  six  thicknesses. 

Lay  the  folded  blanket  on  the  shelter  half  so  that 
one  of  its  shorter  sides  will  be  about  8  inches  from  the 
edge  of  the  shelter  half  farthest  from  the  triangular 
part.  Place  the  underclothing  on  the  blanket.  If  the 
sweater  is  to  go  in  the  roll,  fold  it  and  place  it  on  the 
blanket  with  the  folded  edge  of  the  sweater  even  with 
that  of  the  folded  edge  of  the  blanket.  Across  the 
other  short  side  of  the  blanket  place  the  shelter  tent 
pole  and  pins. 

Fold  over  the  sides  and  ends  of  the  shelter  half 
which  lie  outside  of  the  blanket,  causing  the  ropes  and 
straps  to  be  included  within  the  folds. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER  109 

Commencing  at  the  end  where  the  pole  and  pins  are 
placed,  roll  the  pack,  using  the  hands  and  knees  to  insure 
the  roll  being  made  as  tight  as  possible.  Just  before 
the  roll  is  completed  open  out  slightly  with  the  hands 
the  pocket  formed  by  the  8-inch  fold  of  the  shelter  half, 
and  then  draw  the  pocket  over  the  roll,  thus  binding 
it.  Care  should  be  taken  to  draw  the  canvas  over  the 
ends  of  the  roll  so  as  to  prevent  rain  and  dust  from 
entering  the  inner  portion  of  the  roll.  The  roll  thus 
formed  should  be  about  22  inches  long. 

The  roll  is  secured  to  the  limber  chest  of  the  carriage 
to  which  the  soldier  is  assigned,  by  means  of  the  straps 
provided  for  the  purpose.  The  rolls  carried  on  any 
one  limber  chest  are  evenly  disposed  on  either  side  of 
the  door  lock. 

It  is  frequently  desirable,  especially  in  a  strong 
wind,  for  the  men  to  work  in  pairs  in  making  their  rolls. 

221.  The  surplus  kit  contains  articles  of  clothing 
necessary  in  camps  of  several  weeks’  duration  and  to 
permit  the  replacement  of  clothing  worn  out  in  active 
operations.  For  these  purposes  the  surplus  kits  are 
forwarded  to  troops  when  serving  in  instruction, 
maneuver,  mobilization,  and  concentration  camps,  or 
when  in  active  service  temporary  suspensions  of  opera¬ 
tion,  or  other  conditions,  permit  the  troops  to  refit.  In 
certain  cases  in  time  of  peace  the  surplus  kits  may, 
when  transportation  is  available,  accompany  the  troops 
on  the  march. 

222.  The  surplus  kit  of  each  man  consists  of — 


110  FIELD  ARTILLERY  DRIVER  AND  CANNONEER 


1  breeches,  pair 
1  drawers,  pair 
1  shirt,  olive  drab 


2  stockings,  pair 
1  shoe  laces,  extra  pair 
1  undershirt 


1  shoes,  russet  leather,  pair 

223.  The  kit  of  each  man  will  be  packed  as  follows : 

Stockings,  rolled  tightly,  one  pair  in  the  toe  of 

each  shoe ;  shoes  placed  together,  heels  at  opposite  ends, 
soles  outward,  wrapped  tightly  in  underwear,  and  bun¬ 
dle  securely  tied  around  the  middle  by  the  extra  pair 
of  shoe  laces,  each  bundle  tagged  with  the  battery 
number  of  the  owner. 

The  breeches  and  olive-drab  shirt  are  not  rolled. 

224.  Surplus  kit  bags  at  the  rate  of  one  to  each  eight 
men  or  major  fraction  thereof  are  issued  to  organiza¬ 
tions  by  the  Quartermaster  Corps. 

All  bags  will  be  uniformly  marked  in  the  center  of 
the  front  cover  flap.  Those  pertaining  to  a  battery  are 
marked  with  the  battery  stencil  and  with  the  designa¬ 
tion  of  the  squad  to  which  the  bag  pertains ;  for  exam¬ 
ple,  the  bag  belonging  to  the  drivers  of  the  first  section 
will  be  marked  below  the  stencil,  FIRST  SEC.,  and 
below  that,  DRIVERS. 

Bags  pertaining  to  the  headquarters  company  and 
to  the  supply  company  are  marked  with  the  headquar¬ 
ters  company  and  the  supply  company  stencil  and  the 
serial  number  of  the  bag. 

225.  The  shoes,  underwear,  etc.,  of  each  squad  are 
packed  in  the  surplus  kit  bag  in  two  layers  of  four  kits 
each ;  the  breeches  and  olive-drab  shirts  are  neatly 
folded  and  packed  on  the  top  and  sides  of  the  layers. 


-4 

1 

2 

3 

4 

,9 

8 

9 

-7 

5 

16 

2 

3 

7 

4 

19 

10 

11 

12 

18 

19 

13 

14 

16 

17 

20 

21 

40 

23 

22 

23 

25 

24 

25 

-33 

27 

15 


Nomenclature  of  Harness 


Component  Parts 

Component  Parts 

Backstrap  and  crupper,  com- 

Saddle — continued 

plete,  consisting  of — 

28 

Lead-rein  roller  and  strap 

Body  and  hip  straps 

29 

Quarter  straps,  including  rings, 

Dock 

safes,  and  cincha  straps 

Loin  strap 

42 

Cincha  strap,  part  of  saddle 

Trace  loops 

quarter  strap 

Backstrap  hooks 

43 

Coat  strap,  33"  (pommel) 

Breast  strap,  complete,  con- 

44 

Coat  strap,  45"  (cantle) 

sisting  of — 

30 

Coat  strap,  60" 

Breast  strap 

31 

Saddletree,  leather  covered 

Breast-strap  hooks 

32 

Stirrups,  brass  (new  style  nickel 

Breeching  complete,  consisting 

steel) 

of — 

33 

Stirrup  straps 

Backstrap  ( 1 )  andhip  straps  (4) 

34 

Saddlebags 

Body 

35 

Saddlebag  side  straps 

Dock 

36 

Traces,  lead,  model  of  1908,  con- 

Backstrap  hooks 

sisting  of — 

Side  strap  hooks 

1  trace  body 

Loin  strap 

1  trace  cover 

Side  strap 

3  links  j 

Trace  loops 

1  chain 

Bridle,  comp.,  consisting  of — 
Brow  band 

1  toggle 

2  sockets 

Brow-band  ornaments 

2  cones 

Cheek  piece 

2  filler  pieces 

Coupling  strap 

37 

Traces,  wheel,  model  of  1908, 

Connecting  strap 

consisting  of — 

Crownpiece 

1  trace  body 

Snaffle  bit,  model  1911 

1  trace  cover 

Reins  (pairs) 

1  ring 

Throatlatch 

2  sockets 

Collar,  steel 

2  links 

Hame  tug,  part  of  collar 

2  chains 

Collar  strap 

2  toggles 

Halter,  comp.,  consisting  of — 

2  cones 

Headstall 

2  filler  pieces 

Strap 

38 

Mogul  spring,  a  part  of  wheel 

Martingale,  complete,  consist- 

trace 

ing  of — 

1  loop  hook 

Margingale 

1  ring 

Cincha  strap 

1  Mogul  spring  loop 

Saddle,  comp.,  consisting  of — 
Cinchas,  with  reinforces  and 

1  locking  strap 

Whip 

loops 

Sweat  leathers 

Cinchas,  without  reinforces 
and  loops 

Blanket,  issued  with  harness 

Off  Lead  Jfarness 

Jhtwitxj  r\*mr  mtlcl  Jbnit* 


•  1 

$ 


V 


